THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 


EDUC.- 

PSYCH. 

LIBRARY 

GIFT  OF 

Professor 
Edna  Bailey 


CHILD'S  HEALTH  PRIMER 


WASTING     MONEY.      (See   page   123.) 


PATHFINDER    PHYSIOLOGY    No.    1 


c 


'S 


HE 


ER 


•FECTS    OF    ALCOHOLIC    DRINKS, 
UPON    THE    HUMAN    SYSTEM 


COPYRIGHT,  1885 


A.    S.    BARNES   &    COMPANY 


XEAV     YORK     A^JJ 


PATHFINDEE    SERIES 

OF    TEXT     BOOKS    ON 

ANATOMY,  PHYSIOLOGY,  AND  HYGIENE, 

With  Special  Reference  to  the  Influence  of  Alcoholic 
Drinks  and  Narcotics  ou  the  Human  System. 


I. 
F  O  R      PR  I  M  A  R  Y      GRADES. 

THE   CHILD'S   HEALTH   PRIMER. 

i2mo.     Cloth. 

An  introduction  to  the  study  of  the  science,  suited  to 
pupils  of  the  ordinary  third  reader  grade. 

Full     of     lively     description     and     embellished     "by     many    apt 
illustrations. 

% 

II. 

FOR       INTERMEDIATE       CLASSES. 

HYGIENE   FOR  YOUNG   PEOPLE. 

i2mo.   Cloth.    Beautifully  illustrated. 

Suited  to  pupils  able  to  read  any  fourth  reader. 
An     admirable     elementary     treatise     upon     the     subject. 

The   principles    of  the  science  more  fully  announced 
and   illustrated. 

III. 
YOU      HIGH      SCHOOLS      AND      ACADEMIES. 

HYGIENIC    PHYSIOLOGY. 

121110.      Beautifully  illustrated. 
A     MORE      ELABORATE     TREATISE. 

Prepared  for  the   instruction   of  youth  in  the  principles  which 

underlie   the   preservation   of  health   and   the 

formation  of  correct  physical  habits. 


PSYCH. 
LIBRARY 

GIFT 


As  this  little  book  goes  to  press,  Massachusetts,  by 
an  act  of  its  legislature,  is  made  the  fourteenth  state 
in  this  country  that  requires  the  pupils  in  the  primary, 
as  well  as  in  the  higher  grades  of  public  schools,  to 
be  taught  the  effects  of  alcoholics  and  other  narcotics 
upon  the  human  system,  in  connection  with  other 
facts  of  physiology  and  hygiene. 

The  object  of  all  this  legislation  is,  not  that  the 
future  citizen  may  know  the  technical  names  of 
bones,  nerves,  and  muscles,  but  that  he  may  have  a 
timely  and  forewarning  knowledge  of  the  effects  of 
alcohol  and  other  popular  poisons  upon  the  human 
body,  and  therefore  upon  life  and  character. 

"With  every  reason  in  favor  of  such  education, 
and  the  law  requiring  it,  its  practical  tests  in  the 
school-room  will  result  in  failure,  unless  there  shall 
be  ready  for  teacher  and  scholar,  a  well-arranged, 

231 


Vi  PREFACE. 

simple,  and  practical  book,  bringing  these  truths 
down  to  the  capacity  of  the  child. 

A  few  years  hence,  when  the  results  of  this  study 
in  our  Normal  Schools  shall  be  realized  in  the 
preparation  of  the  teacher,  we  can  depend  upon  her 
adapting"  oral  lessons  from  advanced  "works  on  this 
theme,  but  now,  the  average  primary  teacher  brings 
oo  this  study  no  experience,  and  limited  previous 
study. 

To  meet  this  need,  this  work  has  been  prepared. 
Technical  terms  have  been  avoided,  and  only  such 
facts  of  physiology  developed  as  are  necessary  to  the 
treatment  of  the  effects  of  alcohol,  tobacco,  opium, 
and  other  truths  of  hygiene. 

To  the  children  in  the  Primary  Schools  of  this 
country,  for  whom  it  was  prepared,  this  work  is 
dedicated. 


PACE 
CHAPTER 

n 

FRONTISPIECE 

TITLE-PAGE      .     .     . 

PREFACE  

CONTEXTS    ' 

I. — JOINTS  AND  BONES 

II.— MUSCLES 19 

III.— XERVES 25 

IV. — WHAT  is  ALCOHOL? 37 

V.— BEER 43 

VI. — DISTILLING 47 

VII.— ALCOHOL 

VIII.  —TOBACCO 53 

IX.— OPIUM •       59 

X.—  WHAT  ARE  ORGANS  ? 61 


Viii  CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER  PAOE 

XL — WHAT  DOES  THE  BODY  NEED  FOR  FOOD?      ...  71 

XII. — How  FOOD  BECOMES  PART  OF  THE  BODY     ...  79 

XI1L— STRENGTH  .       . 85 

XIV.— THE  HEART 93 

XV.— THE  LUNGS 97 

XVI.— THE  SKIN .  103 

XVII.— THE  SENSES 109 

XVIIL— HEAT  AND  COLD 115 

XIX.— WASTED  MONEY  122 


OHAPTEK     I. 

JOINTS     AND     BONES. 

^ITTLE    girls    like    a   jointed    doll    to  play 
with,  because  they  can  bend  such  a  doll 


Jointed  doUs. 

iri  eight  or  ten  places,   make  it  stand   or  sit, 
or  can  even  play  that  it  is  walking*. 


10  JOINTS     AND     BONES. 

As  you  study  your  own  bodies  to-day,  you 
will  find  that  you  each  have  better  joints 
than  any  dolls  that  can  "be  bought  at  a  toy 
shop. 

HINGE-JOINTS. 

Some  of  your  joints  work  like  the  hinges 
of  a  door,  and  these  are  called  hinge-joints. 

You  can  find  them  in  your  elbows,  knees? 
fingers,  and  toes. 

How  many  hinge-joints  can  you  find  ? 

Think  how  many  hinges  must  be  used 
by  the  boy  who  takes  off  his  hat  and  makes 
a  polite  bow  to  his  teacher,  when  she  meets 
him  on  the  street. 

How  many  hinges  do  you  use  in  running 
up-stairs,  opening  the  door,  buttoning  your 
coat  or  your  boots,  playing  ball  or  digging 
in  your  garden  ? 

You  see  that  we  use  these  hinges  nearly 
all  the  time.  We  could  not  do  without 
them. 

BALL     AND     SOCKET    JOINTS. 

All  our  joints  are  not  hinge-joints. 

Your   shoulder   has  a  joint  that  lets  your 


BALL  AND  SOCKET  JOINTS. 


11 


arm  swing  round  and  round,  as  well  as  move 
up  and  down. 

Your  hip   lias   another   that  lets  your  leg 
move  in  much  the  same  way. 


The  hip-joint. 

This  kind  of  joint  is  the  round  end  or  hall 
of  a  long  hone,  which  moves  in  a  hole,  called 
a  socket. 

Your  joints  do  not  creak  or  get  out  of  or- 
der, as  those  of  doors  and  gates  sometimes 
do.  A  soft,  smooth  fluid,  much  like  the  white 
of  an  egg,  keeps  them  moist  and  makes  tliem 
work  easily. 


12 


JOINTS    AND     BONES. 


BONES. 

What  parts  of  our  bodies  arc  jointed  to- 
gether so  nicely  ?  Our  bones. 

How  many  bones  have  we  ? 

If  you  should  count  all  your  bones,  you 
would  find  that  each  of  you  has  about  two 
hundred. 

Some  are  large  ;    and  some,  very  small. 

There  are  long  bones  in  your  legs  and 
arms,  and  many  short  ones  in  your  fingers 
and  toes.  The  backbone  is  called  the  spine. 


Backbone  of  a  jish. 

If  you  look  at  the  backbone  of  a  fish,  you 
can  see  that  it  is  made  up  of  many  little 
bones.  Your  own  spine  is  formed  in  much 
the  same  way,  of  twenty-four  small  bones. 
An  elastic  cushion  of  gristle  (gris'i)  fits  nicely 
in  between,  each  little  bone  and  the  next. 

When  you  bend,  these  cushions  are  pressed 
together  on  one  side  and  stretched  on  the 


BOXES.  13 

other.  They  settle  hack  into  their  first  shape, 
as  soon  as  you  stand  straight  again. 

If  you  ever  rode  in  a  wheelbarrow,  or  a 
cart  without  springs,  you  know  what  a  jolt- 
ing it  gave  you.  These  little  spring  cushions 
keep  you  from  being  shaken  even  more  se- 
verely every  time  you  move. 

Twenty-four  ribs,  twelve  on  each  side, 
curve  around  from  the  spine  to  the  front,  or 
breast,  bone.  (See  page  88.) 

They  are  so  covered  with,  flesh  that  per- 
haps you  can  not  feel  and  count  them  ;  but 
they  are  there. 

Then  you  have  two  flat  shoulder-blades, 
and  two  collar-bones  that  almost  meet  in 
front,  just  where  your  collar  fastens. 

Of  what  are  the  bones  made  ? 

Take  two  little  bones,  such  as  those  from 
the  legs  or  wings  of  a  chicken,  put  one  of 
them  into  the  fire,  when  it  is  not  very  hot, 
and  leave  it  there  two  or  three  hours.  Soak 
the  other  bone  in  some  weak  muriatic 
(muri  at/Ik)  acid.  This  acid  can  be  bought  of 
any  druggist. 

You  will  have  to  be  careful  in  taking  the 


14 


JOINTS    AND     BONES. 


bone  out  of  the  fire,  for  it  is  all  ready  to 
break.  If  you  strike  it  a  quick  "blow,  it  will 
crumble  to  dust.  This  dust  we  call  lime,  and 
it  is  very  much,  like  the  lime  from  which,  the 
mason  makes  mortar. 


Bone  tied  in  a  knot. 

The  acid  has  taken  the  lime  from  the 
other  bone,  so  only  the  part  which  is  not 
lime  is  left.  You  will  be  surprised  to  see 
how  easily  it  will  bend.  You  can  twist  it 
and  tie  it  into  a  knot ;  but  it  will  not  easily 
break. 

You  have  seen  gristle  in  meat.  This  soft 
part  of  the  bone  is  gristle. 


CARE    OF    THE     SI'IXE.  15 

Cliil clroii's  "bones  liave  more  gristle  than 
tliose  of  older  people;  so  children's  bones  bend 
easily.  - 

I  know  a  lady  who  lias  one  leg-  shorter 
than  the;  other.  This  makes  her  lame,  and 
she  has  to  wear  a  boot  with,  iron  supports 
three  or  four  inches  high,  in  order  to  walk 
at  all. 

One  day  she  told  me  how  she  became  lame. 

"I  remember,"  she  said,  "when  I  was  be- 
tween three  and  four  years  old,  sitting  one 
day  in  my  high  chair  at  the  table,  and  twist- 
ing one  foot  under  the  little  step  of  the  chair. 
The  next  morning  I  felt  lame;  but  nobody 
could  tell  what  was  the  matter.  At  last,  the 
doctors  found  out  that  the  trouble  all  came 
from  that  twist.  It  had  gone  too  far  to  be 
cured.  Before  I  iiad  this  boot,  I  could  only 
walk  with  a  crutch." 

CARE     OF     THE     SPINE. 

Because  the  spine  is  made  of  little  bones 
with  cushions  between,  them,  it  bends  easily, 
and  children  sometimes  bend  it  more  than 
tlicv  ought. 


16  JOINTS     AND     BONES. 

If  you  lean  over  your  book  or  your  writ- 
ing- or  any  other  work,  the  elastic  cushions 
may  get  so  pressed  on  the  irme.r  edge  that 
they  do  not  easily  spring-  'back  into  shape. 
In  thi^  way,  you  may  grow,  round-shouldered 
or  hump-backed. 

This  bending  over,  also  cramps  the  lungs, 
so  that  they  do  not  have  all  the  room  they 
need  for  breathing.  While  you  are  young, 
your  bones  are  easily  bent.  One  shoulder  or 
one  hip  gets  higher  than  the  other,  if  you 
stand  unevenly.  This  is  more  serious,  because 
you  are  growing,  and  you  may  grow  crooked 
before  you  know  it. 

Now  that  you  know  how  soft  your  bones 
are,  and  how  easily  they  bend,  you*  will 
surely  be  careful  to  sit  and  stand  erect.  Do 
not  twist  your  legs,  or  arms,  or  shoulders; 
for  you  want  to  grow  into  straight  and  grace- 
ful men  and  women,  instead  of  being  round- 
shouldered,  or  hump-backed,  or  lame,  all  your 
Jives. 

When  people  are  old,  their  bones  contain 
rnore  lime,  and,  therefore,  break  more  easily. 

You   should  be  kindly  helpful  to  old  peo- 


OUGHT     A     BOY     TO     USE     TOBACCO?  17 

pie,  so  that   tliey  may  not  fall,  and  possibly 
break  their  bones. 

CARE     OF     THE     FEET. 

Healthy  children  are  always  out-growing 
their  shoes,  and  sometimes  faster  than  they 
wear  them  out.  Tight  shoes  cause  corns  and 
in-growing  nails  and  other  sore  places  on  the 
feet.  All  of  these  are  very  hard  to  get  rid  of. 
No  one  should  wear  a  shoe  that  pinches  or 
hurts  the  foot. 

OUGHT     A     BOY    TO     USE     TOBACCO? 

Perhaps  some  boy  will  say :  "  Grown  peo- 
ple are  always  telling  us,  'this  will  do  for 
men,  but  it  is  not  good  for  boys." 

Tobacco  is  not  good  for  men ;  but  there 
is  a  very  good  reason  why  it  is  worse  for 
boys. 

If  you  were  going  to  build  a  house,  would 
it  be  wise  for  you  to  put  into  the  stone-work 
of  the  cellar,  something  that  would  make^  it 
less  strong  ? 

Something  into  the  brick- work  or  the 
mortar,  the  wood-work  or  the  nails,  the 


18  JOINTS    AND     BONES. 

walls  or  tile  chimneys,  that  would  make 
them  weak  and  tottering,  instead  of  strong 
and  steady? 

It  would  be  "bad  enough  if  you  should 
repair  your  house  with  poor  materials ;  but 
surely  it  must  be  built  in  the  first  place 
with  the  best  you  can  get. 

You  will  soon  learn  that  boys  and  girls 
are  building  their  bodies,  day  after  day,  imtil 
at  last  they  reach  full  size. 

Afterward,  they  must  be  repaired  as  fast 
as  they  waar  out. 

It  would  be  foolish  to  build  any  part  in 
a  "way  to  make  it  weaker  than  need  be. 

Wise  doctors  have  said  that  the  boy  who 
uses  tobacco  while  he  is  growing,  makes 
every  part  of  his  body  less  strong  than  it 
otherwise  would  be.  Even  his  bones  will 
not  grow  so  well. 

Boys  who  smoke  can  not  become  such 
large,  fine-looking  men  as  they  w,ould  if 
they  did  not  smoke. 

Cigarettes  are  small,  but  they  are  very 
poisonous.  Chewing  tobacco  is  a  worse  and 
more  filthy  habit  even  than  smoking.  The 


OU-GHT     A     HOY     TO     USE    TOBACCO?  1  <> 

frequent  spitting  it  causes  is  disgusting  to 
others  and  hurts  the  health  of  the  chewer. 
Tobacco  in  any  form  is  a  great  enemy  to 
youth.  It  stunts  the  growth,  hurts  the 
mind,  and  cripples  in  every  way  the  boy  01 
girl  who  uses  it. 

Not  that  it  does  all  this  to  every  youth 
who  smokes,  but  it  is  always  true  that  110 
boy  of  seven  to  fourteen  can  begin  to  smoke 
or  chew  and  have  so  fine  a  body  and  mind 
when  he  is  twenty-one  years  old  as  he  would 
have  had  if  he  had  never  used  tobacco.  If 
you  want  to  be  strong  and  well  men  and 
women,  do  not  use  tobacco  in  any  form. 


REVIEW      QUESTIONS. 

1.  What  two  kinds  of  joints  have  you  ? 

2.  Describe  each  kind. 

3.  Find  as  many  of  each  kind  as  you  can. 

4.  How  are  the  joints  kept  moist? 

5.  How  many  bones  are  there  in  your  whole  body? 

6.  Count  the  bones  in  your  hand. 

T.    Of  how  many  bones  is  your  spine  made  ? 

8.  "Why  could   jrou  not  use  it  so  well  if  it  were  all   in  one  piece? 

9.  "What  is  the  use  of  the  little  cushions  between*the  bones  of  the 

spine  ? 

10.  How  many  ribs  have  you? 

11.  Where  are  they? 

12.  Where  are  the  shoulder-blades? 

13.  Where  are  the  collar-bones? 


20  JOINTS    AND     BONES. 


14.  What  are  bones  made  of? 

15.  How  can  we  show  this? 

16.  What  is   the  difference  between   the  bones   of  children   and  the 

bones  of  old  people  ? 

17.  Why  do  children's  bones  bend  easily  ? 

18.  Tell   the  story  of  the  lame  lady. 

19.  What  does  this  story  teach  you? 

20.  What  happens  if  you  lean  over  your  desk  or  work  ? 

21.  How  will  this  position  injure  your  lungs? 

22.  What  other  bones  may  be  injured  by  wrong  positions? 

23.  Why  do  old  people's  bones  break  easily  ? 

24.  How  should  the  feet  be  cared  for  ? 

25.  How  does  tobacco  affect  the  bones? 

26.  What  do  doctors  say  of  its  use? 

27.  What  is  said  about  cigarettes  ? 

28.  What  about  chewing  tobacco  ? 

29.  To  whom  is  tobacco  a  great  enemy  ?     Why  ? 

30.  What  is  always  true  of  its  use  by  youth  ? 


CHAPTER    II. 

MUSCLES. 

WHAT  makes  the  limbs  move  ? 
You    have   to   take   hold   of  tlie   door 
to  move  it  "back  and  forth ;  "but  you  need  not 
take  hold  pf  your  arm  to  move  that. 

AVliat  makes  it  move  ? 

Sometimes  a  door  or  gate  is  made  to  shut 
itself,  if  you  leave  it  open. 

This  can  he  done  "by  means  of  a  wide 
rubber  strap,  one  end  of  which  is  fastened 
to  the  frame  of  the  door  near  the  hinge,  and 
the  other  end  to  the  door,  out  near  its  edge. 

When  -we  push  open  the  door,  the  .rubber 
strap  is  stretched;  but  as  soon  as  we  have 
passed  through,  the  strap  tightens,  draws 
the  door  back,  and  shuts  it. 

If  you  stretch  out  your  right  arm,  and 
clasp  the  upper  part  tightly  "with  your  left 


22  MUSCLES. 

hand,  tlien  work  the  elbow  joint  strongly 
back  and  forth,  you  can  feel  something*  under 
your  hand  draw  up,  and  then  lengthen  out 
again,  each  time  you  "bend  the  joint. 

What  you  feel,  is  a  muscle  (mus'si),  and  it 
works  your  joints  very  much  as  the  rubber 
strap  works  the  hinge  of  the  door. 

One  end  of  the  muscle  is  fastened  to  the 
bone  just  below  the  elbow  joint;  and  the 
other  end,  higher  up  above  the  joint. 

When  it  tightens,  or  contracts,  as  we  say, 
it  bends  the  joint.  When  the  arm  is  straight- 
ened, the  muscle  returns  to  its  first  shape. 

There  is  another  muscle  on  the  outside 
of  the  arm  which  stretches  -when  this  one 
shortens,  and  so  helps  the  working  of  the 
joint. 

Every  joint  has  two  or  more  muscles  of 
its  own  to  work  it. 

Think  how  many  there  must  be  in  our 
fingers ! 

If  we  should  undertake  to  count  all  the 
muscles  that  move  our  whole  bodies,  it  would 
need  more  counting  than  some  of  you  could 
do. 


TENDONS. 


23 


TENDONS. 

You  can  see  muscles  on  the  dinner  table ; 
for  they  are  only  lean  meat. 

They  are  fastened  to  the 
"bones  by  strong  cords,  called 
tendons  (ten'danz).  These 
tendons  can  be  seen  in  the 
leg  of  a  chicken  or  turkey. 
They  sometimes  hold  the 
meat  so  firmly  that  it  is 
hard  for  you  to  get  it  off. 
When  you  next  try  to  pick 
a  "  drum-stick,"  remember 
that  you  are  eating  the 
strong  muscles  by  which  the 
chicken  or  turkey  moved 
his  legs  as  he  walked  about 
the  yard.  The  parts  that 
have  the  most  work  to  do, 
need  the  strongest  muscles. 
Did  you  ever  see  the 
swallows  flying  about  the 
eaves  of  a  barn  ? 

Do  they  have  very  stout  legs  ?    No !    They 


Tendons  of  the  hand. 


24  MUSCLES. 

have  very  small  legs  and    feet,  because    they 
do  not  need  to  walk.      They  need  to  fly. 

The  muscles  that  move  the  wings  are 
fastened  to  the  breast.  These  breast  muscles 
of  the  swallow  must  be  large  and  strong. 

EXERCISE  OF  THE  MUSCLES. 

People  who  work  hard  with  any  part  of 
the  body  make  the  muscles  of  that  part  very 
strong. 

The  blacksmith  has  big,  strong  muscles 
in  his  arms  because  he  uses  them  so  much. 

You  are  using  your  muscles  every  day, 
and  this  helps  them  to  grow. 

Once  I  saw  a  little  girl  who  had  been 
very  sick.  She  had  to  lie  in  bed  for  many 
weeks.  Before  her  sickness  she  had  plenty 
of  stout  muscles  in  her  arms  and  legs  and 
was  running  about  the  house  from  morning 
till  night,  carrying  her  big  doll  in  her  arms. 

After  her  sickness,  she  could  hardly  walk 
ten  steps,  and  would  rather  sit  and  look  at 
her  playthings  than  try  to  lift  them.  She 
had  to  make  new  muscles  as  fast  as  possible. 

Running,   coasting,  games  of  ball,   and  all 


WHAT    ALCOHOL    WILL  DO  TO  THE    MUSCLES:       25 

brisk  play  and  work,  lielp  to  make  strong1 
muscles. 

Idle  habits  make-  weak  muscles.  So  idle- 
ness is  an  enemy  to  the  muscles. 

There  is  another  enemy  to  the  muscles 
about  which  I  must  tell  you. 

WHAT    ALCOHOL    WILL     DO    TO    THE     MUSCLES. 

Muscles  are  lean  meat.  Fat  meat  could 
not  work  your  joints  for  you  as  the  muscles 
do.  Alcohol  often  changes  a  part  of  the 
muscles  to  fat,  and  so  takes  away  a  part  of 
their  strength.  In  this  way,  people  often 
grow  very  fleshy  from  drinking  beer,  because 
it  contains  alcohol,  as  you  will  soon  learn. 
But  they  can  not  work  any  better  on  ac- 
count of  having  this  fat.  They  are  not  really 
any  stronger  for  it. 


REVIEW      QUESTIONS. 

1.  How  are  the  joints  moved? 

2.  Where  are  the  muscles  in  your  arms,  which  help  you  to  move 

your  elbows  ? 

3.  Show  why  joints  must  have  muscles. 

4.  "What  do  we  call  the  muscles  of  the  lower  animals  ? 

5.  "What  fasten  the  muscles  to  the  bones? 


26  MUSCLES. 


6.  Why  do  chickens  and  turkeys  need  strong  muscles  in  their  legs  ? 

7.  "Why  do  swallows  need  strong  breast  muscles  ? 

8.  What  makes  the  muscles  of  the  blacksmith's  arm  so  strong? 

9.  What  will  make  your  muscles  strong? 

10.  What  will  make  them  weak? 

11.  What  does  alcohol  often  do  to  the  muscles? 

12.  Can  fatty  muscles  work  well? 

13.  Why  does  not  drinking  beer  make  one  stronger? 


CHAPTEE    III. 

NERVES. 

OW  do  the  muscles  know  wlien  to  move  ? 
Yon  liave  all  seen  the  telegraph 
wires,  by  which  messages  are  sent  from  one 
town  to  another,  all  over  the  country. 

You  are  too  young  to  understand  how 
this  is  done,  "but  you  each  have  something 
inside  of  you,  by  which  you  are  sending 

* 

messages  almost  every  minute  while  you  are 
awake. 

We  will  try  to  learn  a  little  about  its 
wonderful  way  of  working. 

In  your  head  is  your  brain.  It  is  the 
part  of  you  which  thinks. 

As  you  would  be  very  badly  off  if  you 
could  not  think,  the  brain  is  your  most 
precious  part,  and  you  have  a  strong  box 
made  of  bone  to  keep  it  in. 


28 


NERVES. 


Diagram  of  the  nervous  system. 


X  E  R  V  K  S .  29 

We  will  call  the  brain  tlie  central  tele- 
graph office.  Little  white  cords,  called  nerves, 
connect  the  "brain  with,  the  rest  of  the  body. 

A  largo  cord  called  the  spinal  cord,  lie,? 
safely  in  a  bony  case  made  by  the  spine,  and 
many  nerves  branch  off  from  this. 

If  you  put  your  finger  on  a  hot  stove,  in 
an  instant  a  message  goes  on  the  nerve  tele- 
graph to  the  brain.  It  tells  that  wise  think- 
ing part  that  your  finger  will  burn,  if  it 
stays  on  the  stove. 

In  another  instant,  the  brain  sends  back 
a  message  to  the  muscles  that  move  that 
finger,  saying :  "  Contract  quickly,  bend  the 
joint,  and  take  that  poor  finger  away  so 
that  it  will  not  be  burned." 

You  can  hardly  believe  that  there  was 
time  for  all  this  sending  of  messages  ;  for  as 
soon  as  you  felt  the  hot  stove,  you  pulled 
your  finger  away.  But  you  really  could  not 
have  pulled  it  away,  'unless  the  brain  had 
sent  word  to  the  muscles  to  do  it. 

Now,  you  know  what  we  mean  when  we 
say,  "As  quick  as  thought."  Surely  noth- 
ing could  be  quicker. 


30  NERVES 

You  see  that  tlie  brain  lias  a  great  deal 
of  work  to  do,  for  it  has  to  send  so  many  or- 
ders. 

There  are  some  muscles  which  are  mov- 
ing quietly  and  steadily  all  the  time,  though 
we  take  no  notice  of  the  motion. 

You  do  not  have  to  think  about  breath- 
ing, and  yet  the  muscles  work  all  the  time, 
moving  your  chest. 

If  we  had  to  think  about  it  every  time 
we  breathed,  we  should  have  no  time  to 
think  of  any  thing  else. 

There  is  one  part  of  .the  brain  that  takes 
care  of  such  work  for  us.  It  sends  the  mes- 
sages about  breathing,  and  keeps  the  breath- 
ing muscles  and  many  other  muscles  faith- 
fully at  work.  It  does  all  this  without  our 
needing  to  know  or  think  about  it  at  all. 

Do  you  begin  to  see  that  your  body  is  a 
busy  work-shop,  where  many  kinds  of  work 
are  being  done  all  day  and  all  night  ? 

Although  we  lie  still  and  sleep  in  the 
night,  the  breathing  must  go  on,  and  so  must 
the  work  of  those  other  organs  that  never 
stop  until  we  die. 


O  T  1 1  K  U     \V  O  UK     OF     T  1 1  K     X  K  R  V  E  S .  31 


OTHER     WORK     OF     THE     NERVES. 

The  .little  white  nerve-tlireads  lie  smootlily 
side  "by  side,  making*  small  white  cords.  Eacli 
kind  of  message  goes  on  its  own  thread,  so 
that  the  messages  need  never  get  mixed  or 
confused. 

These  nerves  are  very  delicate  little  mes- 
sengers. They  do  all  the  feeling  for  the  whole 
body,  and  "by  means  of  them  we  have  many 
pains  and  many  pleasures. 

If  there  was  no  nerve  in  your  tooth  it 
could  not  ache.  But  if  there  were  no  nerves 
in  your  mouth  and  tongue,  you  could  not 
taste  your  food. 

If  there  were  no  nerves  in  your  hands, 
you  might  cut  them  and  feel  no  pain.  But 
you  could  not  feel  your  mother's  soft,  warm 
hand,  as  she  laid  it  on  yours. 

One  of  your  first  duties  is  the  care  of  your- 
selves. 

Children  may  say  :  f '  My  father  and  mother 
take  care  of  me."  But  even  while  you  are 
young,  there  are  some  ways  in  which  no  one 
can  take  care  of  you  "but  yourselves.  The 


32  NERVES. 

older  you  grow,  the  more  tiiis    care  will  be- 
long- to  you,  and  to  no  one  else. 

Think  of  the  work  all  the  parts  of  the 
body  do  for  us,  and  how  they  help  us  to  he 
well  and  happy.  Certainly  the  least  we  can 
do  is  to  take  care  of  them  and  keep  them  in 
good  order. 

CARE  OF  THE  BRAIN  AND  NERVES. 

As  one  part  of  the  brain,  has  to  take  care  of 
all  the  rest  of  the  body,  and  keep  every  organ 
at  work,  of  course  it  can  never  go  to  sleep 
itself.  If  it  did,  the  heart  would  stop  pump- 
ing, the  lungs  would  leave  off  breathing,  all 
other  work  would  stop,  and  the  body  would 
be  dead. 

But  there  is  another  part  of  the  brain 
which  does  the  thinking,  and  this  part  needs 
rest. 

"When  you  are  asleep,  you  are  not  think- 
ing, but  you  are  breathing  and  other  work  of 
the  body  is  going  on. 

If  the  thinking  part  of  the  brain  does  not 
have  good  quiet  sleep,  it  will  soon  wear  out. 
A  worn-out  brain  is  not  easy  to  repair. 


ALCOHOL    AND    THE    NERVES.  33 

If  well  cared  for,  your  "brain  will  do  the 
best  of  work  for  you  for  seventy  or  eighty 
years  without  complaining-. 

The  nerves  are  easily  tired  out,  and  they 
need  much  rest.  They  get  tired  if  we  do  one 
thing-  too  long-  at  a  time ;  they  are  rested  "by 
a  change  of  work. 

IS  ALCOHOL  GOOD  FOR  THE  NERVES  AND  THE  BRAIN  ? 

Think  of  the  wonderful  work  the  brain  is 
all  the  time  doing-  for  you ! 

You  ought  to  give  it  the  best  of  food  to 
keep  it  in  good  working  order.  Any  drink 
that  contains  alcohol  is  not  a  food  to  make 
one  strong  ;  but  is  a  poison  to  hurt,  and  at 
last  to  kill. 

It  injures  the  brain  and  nerves  so  that 
they  can  not  work  well,  and  send  their  mes- 
sages properly.  That  is  why  the  drunkard 
does  not  know  what  he  is  about. 

Newspapers  often  tell  us  about  people  set- 
ting houses  on  fire ;  about  men  who  forgot  to 
turn  the  switch,  and  so  wrecked  a  railroad 
train;  about  men  who  lay  down  on  the  .rail- 
road track  and  were  run  over  by  the  cars. 


34  NERVES. 

Often  these  stories  end  with  :  "  The  person 
had  been  drinking-."  When  the  nerves  are 
put  to  sleep  by  alcohol,  people  become  careless 
and  do  not  do  their  work  faithfully ;  some- 
times, they  can  not  even  tell  the  difference 
between  a  railroad  track  and  a  place  of 
safety.  The  brain  receives  no  message,  or  the 
wrong  one,  and  the  person  does  not  know 
what  he  is  doing. 

You  may  say  that  all  men  -who  drink 
liquor  do  not  do  such  terrible  things. 

That  is  true.  A  little  alcohol  is  not  so 
bad  as  a  great  deal.  But  even  a  little  makes 
the  head  ache,  and  hurts  the  brain  and 
nerves. 

A  body  kept  pure  and  strong  is  of  great 
service  to  its  owner.  There  are  people  who 
are  not  drunkards,  but  who  often  drink  a 
little  liquor.  By  this  means,  they  slowly 
poison  their  bodies. 

When  sickness  comes  upon  them,  they 
are  less  able  to  bear  it,  and  less  likely  to  get 
well  again,  than  those  who  have  never  in- 
jured their  bodies  with  alcohol. 

When  a  sick  or  wounded  man  is  brought 


TOBACCO  AND  THE  NERVES.          35 

into  the  hospital,  one  of  the  first  questions 
asked  him  by  the  doctor  is  :  "Do  you  drink  ?" 

If  he  answers  "  Yes !  "  the  next  questions 
are,  "What  do  you  drink?"  and  "How 
much?" 

The  answers  he  gives  to  these  questions, 
show  the  doctor  what  chance  the  man  has 
of  getting1  well. 

A  man  who  never  drinks  liquor  will  get 
well,  where  a  drinking  man  would  surely 
die. 

TOBACCO  AND  THE   NERVES. 

Why  does  any  one  wish  to  use  tobacco  ? 

Because  many  men  say  that  it  helps  them, 
and  makes  them  feel  "better. 

Shall  I  tell  you  how  it  makes  them  fee] 
better  ? 

If  a  man  is  cold,  the  tobacco  deadens 
his  nerves  so  that  he  does  not  feel  the 
cold  and  does  not  take  pains  to  make  himself 
warmer. 

If  a  man  is  tired,  or  in  trouble,  tobacco 
will  not  really  rest  him  or  help  him  out  of 
his  trouble. 


OG  NERVES. 

It  only  puts  his  nerves  to  sleep  and  helps 
him  think  that  he  is  not  tired,  and  that 
he  does  not  need  to  overcome  his  troubles. 

It  puts  his  nerves  to  sleep  very  much  as 
alcohol  does,  and  helps  him  to  be  contented 
with  what  ought  not  to  content  him. 

A  boy  who  smokes  or  chews  tobacco,  is 
not  so  good  a  scholar  as  if  he  did  not  use 
the  poison.  He  can  not  remember  his  lessons 
so  well. 

Usually,  too,  he  is  not  so  polite,  nor  so 
good  a  boy  as  he  otherwise  would  be. 


REVIEW     QUESTIONS. 

1.  How  do  the  muscles  know  when  to  move  ? 

2.  What  part  of  you  is  it  that  thinks? 

3.  "What  are  the  nerves  ? 

4.  Where  is  the  spinal  cord? 

5.  What  message  goes  to  the  "brain   when  you  put  your  finger  on 

a  hot  stove? 

6.  What  message  comes  "back  from  the  brain  to  the  finger  ? 

7.  What  is  meant  by  "As  quick  as  thought"? 

8.  Name    some   of  the   muscles   which   work   without   needing   our 

thought. 

9.  What  keeps  them  at  work? 

10.  Why  do  not  the  nerve  messages  get  mixed  and  confused? 

11.  Why  could  you  not  feel,  if  you  had  no  nerves  ? 

12.  State  some  ways  in  which  the  nerves  give  us  pain, 
is!  State  some  ways  in  which  they  give  us  pleasure. 
14.  What  part  of  us  has  the  most  work  to  do  ? 


NERVES. 


15.  TIow  must  we  keep  the  brain  strong  and  well? 
it;.  What  does  alcohol  do  to  the  nerves  and  brain? 
1  7.  Why  does  not  a  drunken  man  know  what  he  is  about  ? 

18.  What  causes  most  of  the  accidents  we  read  of? 

19.  Why  could  not  the  man  who  had  been  drinking  tell  the  differ- 

ence between  a  railroad  track  and  a  place  of  safety? 

20.  How   does   the    frequent   drinking   of  a   little  liquor   affect   the 

body  ? 

21.  How  does  sickness  affect  people  who  often  drink  these  liquors? 

22.  When  a  man  is  taken  to  the  hospital,  what  questions  does  the 

doctor  ask? 

23.  What  depends  upon  his  answers  ? 
•21.   AVhy  do  many  men  use  tobacco? 

25.  How  does  it  make  them  feel  better? 

26.  Does  it  really  help  a  person  who  uses  it  ? 

27.  Does  tobacco  help  a  boy  to  be  a  good  scholar? 

28.  How  does  it  affect  his  manners  ? 


Bones  of  t7ie  human  body. 


CHAPTER    IV. 

WHAT     IS     ALCOHOL? 

• 

IPE  grapes  are  full  of  juice. 

Tliis  juice  is  mostly  water,  sweetened 
with  a  sugar  of  its  own.  It  is  flavored 
with  something  which  makes  us  know,  the 
moment  we  taste  it,  that  it  is  grape-juice, 
and  not  cherry-juice  or  plum-juice. 

Apples  also  contain  water,  sugar,  and  apple 
flavor;  and  cherries  contain  water,  sugar,  and 
cherry  flavor.  The  same  is  true  of  other 
fruits.  They  all,  when  ripe,  have  the  water 
and  the  sugar;  and  each  has  a  flavor  of  its 
own. 

Ripe  grapes  are  sometimes  gathered  and 
put  into  great  tuhs  called  vats.  In  these  the 
juice  is  squeezed  out. 

In  some  countries,  this  squeezing  is  done 
by  "bare-footed  men  who  jump  into  the  vats 
and  press  the  grapes  with  their  feet. 


40 


WHAT     IS     ALCOHOL 


Tlie  grape-juice  is  tlien  drawn  off  from  the 
skins  and  seeds  and  left  standing1  in  a  warm 
place. 

BuTbbles  soon  begin  to  rise  and  cover  the 
top  of  it  witli  froth.  The  juice  is  all  in  mo- 
tion. 


Picking  grapes  and  making  wine. 

If  the  cook  had  wished,  to  use  this  grape- 
juice  to  make  jelly,  she  would  say:  "Now,  I 
can  not  make  my  grape-jelly,  for  the  grape- 
juice  is  spoiled." 


WINE.  41 


WHAT     IS     THIS    CHANGE     IN    THE     GRAPE-JUICE  ? 

The  sugar  in  the  grape-juice  is  changing 
into  something  else.  It  is  turning  into 
alcohol  and  a  gas*  that  moves  about  in  little 
bubbles  in  the  liquid,  and  rising  to  the  top, 
goes  off  into  the  air.  The  alcohol  is  a  thin 
liquid  which,  mixed  with  the  water,  remains 
in  the  grape-juice. 

The  sugar  is  gone ;  alcohol  and  the  bub- 
bles of  gas  are  left  in  its  place. 

This  alcohol  is  a  liquid  poison.  A  little  of 
it  will  harm  any  one  who  drinks  it ;  much 
of  it  would  kill  the  drinker. 

Ripe  grapes  are  good  food;  but  grape-juice, 
when  its  sugar  has  turried  to  alcohol,  is  not  a 
safe  drink  for  any  one.  It  is  poisoned  by  the 
alcohol. 

WINE. 

This  changed  grape-juice  is  called  wine. 
It  is  partly  water,  partly  alcohol,  and  it  stilt 
has  the  grape  flavor  in  it. 

*  This  gas  is  called  car  bon'  ic  acid  gas. 


WHAT     IS     ALCOHOL? 


Wine 

is   also 

made 

from  currants, 

elderberries,   and 

other  fruits,  in  very 

much   the  same  way   as 

from  grapes. 

People  sometimes  make 
it    at    home   from    the    fruits 
that  grow  in  their  own   gar- 
dens,   and   think  there  is  no  jr 
alcohol    in   it,    because   they   do 
not  put  any  in. 

But  you  know  that  the  alcohol 
is  made  in  the  fruit-juice  itself 
by  the  change  of  the  sugar  into 
alcohol  and  the  gas. 

It  is  the  nature  of  alcohol  to 
make  the  person  who  takes  a  little  of 
it,  in  wine,  or  any  other  drink,  want  more  \ 
and  more  alcohol.  When  one  goes  on,  thus 
taking  more  and  more  of  the  drinks  that 
contain  alcohol,  he  is  called  a  drunkard. 

In  this  way  wine  has  made  many  drunk- 


CIDER.  43 

iirds.  Alcolioi  liurts  both  the  "body  and  mind. 
It  changes  the  person  who  drinks  it.  It  will 
make  a  good  and  kind  person  cruel  and  bad  ; 
and  will  make  a  bad  person  worse. 

Every  one  who  takes  wine  does  not  be- 
come a  drunkard,  bat  you  are  not  sure  that 
you  will  not,  if  you  drink  it. 

You  should  not  drink  wine,  because  there 
is  alcohol  in  it. 

CIDER. 

Cider  is  made  from  apples.  In  a  few  hours 
after  the  juice  is  pressed  out  of  the  apples, 
if  it  is  left  open  to  the  air  the  sugar  begins 
to  change. 

Like  the  sugar  in  the  grape,  it  changes 
into  alcohol  and  bubbles  of  gas. 

At  first,  there  is  but  little  alcohol  in 
cider,  but  a  little  of  this  poison  is  dangerous. 

More  alcohol  is  all  the  time  forming  until 
in  ten  cups  of  cider  there  may  be  one  cup 
of  alcohol.  Cider  often  makes  its  drinkers 
ill-tempered  and  cross. 

Cider  and  wine  will  turn  into  vinegar  if 
left  in  a  warm  place  long  enough. 


44  WHAT    IS    ALCOHOL 


REVIEW      QUESTIONS. 

1.  What  two  things  arc  in  all  fruit- juices? 

2.  How  can  we  tell  the  juice  of  grapes  from  that  of  plums  ? 

3.  How  can  we  tell  the  juice  of  apples  from  that  of  cherries  ? 
)  4.  "What  is  often  done  with  ripe  grapes  ? 

5.  "What  happens  after  the  grape-juice  has  stood  a  short  time. 

6.  "Why  would  the  changed  grape- juice  not  be  good  to  use  in  mak- 

ing jelly? 

7.  Into  -what  is  the  sugar  in  the  juice  changed  ? 

8.  What  "becomes  of  the  gas  ? 

9.  What  becomes  of  the  alcohol  ? 

10.  What  is  gone  and  what  left  ? 

11.  What  is  alcohol  ? 

12.  What  does  alcohol  do  to  those  who  drink  it  ? 

13.  When  are  grapes  good  food? 

14.  When  is  grape-juice  not  a  safe  drink? 

15.  Why? 

16.  What  is  this  changed  grape-juice  called  ? 

17.  What  is  wine? 

18.  From  what  is  wine  made  ? 

19.  What  do  people  sometimes  think  of  home-made  wines  ? 

20.  How  can  alcohol  be  there  when  none  has  been  put  into  it  ? 

21.  What  does  alcohol  make  the  person  who  takes  it  want  ? 

22.  What  is  such  a  one  called? 

23.  What  has  wine  done  to  many  persons  ? 

24.  What  does  alcohol  hurt  ? 

25.  How  does  it  change  a  person  ? 

26.  Are   you   sure   you   will   not   become   a    drunkard   if  you   drink 

wine? 

27.  Why  should  you  not  drink  it  ? 

28.  What  is  cider  made  from  ? 

29.  What  soon  happens  to  apple-juice  ? 

30.  How  may  vinegar  be  made  ? 


OHAPTEE    V. 

BEER. 

LCOHOL  is  often  made  from  grains  as 
well  as  from  fruit.  The  grain  lias 
starch  instead  of  sugar. 

If  the  starch  in  your  mother's  starch-box 
at  home  should  "be  changed  into  sugar,  you 
would  think  it  a  very  strange  thing. 

Every  year,  in  the  spring-time,  many 
thousand  pounds  of  starch  are  changed  into 
sugar  in  a  hidden,  quiet  way,  so  that  most 
of  us  think  nothing  about  it. 

STARCH     AND     SUGAR. 

All  kinds  of  grain  are  full  of  starch. 

If  you  plant  them  in  the  ground,  where 
they  are  kept  moist  and  warm,  they  begin 
to  sprout  and  grow,  to  send  little  roots  down 
into  the  earth,  and  little  stems  up  into  the 
sunshine. 


BEER. 


These  little  roots  and  stems  must  be  fed 
with,  sugar;  thus,  in  a  wise  way,  which  is  too 
wonderful  for  you  to  understand,  as  soon 
as  the  seed  begins  to  sprout, 
its  starch  begins  to  turn  into 
sugar. 

If  you  should  chew  two 
grains  of  wheat,  one  before 
sprouting  and  one  after,  you 
could  tell  by  the  taste  that 
this  is  true. 

Barley  is  a  kind  of  grain 
from  -which  the  brewer 
makes  beer. 

He  must  first  turn 
its  starch  into  sugar,  so 
he  begins  by  sprouting 
his  grain. 

Of  course  he  does  not 
plant  it  in  the  ground, 
because    it    would    need 
to  be  quickly  dug  up  again. 

He  keeps  it  warm  and  moist  in  a  place 
"where  he  can  watch  it,  and  stop  the  sprout- 
ing just  in  time  to  save  the  sugar,  before  it 


S 


STARCH    AND    SUGAR.  47 

is  used  to  feed  tlie  root  and  stem.  This 
sprouted  grain  is  -called  malt. 

The  brewer  soaks  it  in  plenty  of  water, 
"because  the  grain  has  not  water  in  itself,  as 
the  grape  has. 

He  puts  in  some  yeast  to  help  start  the 
work  of  changing  the  sugar  into  gas*  and 
alcohol. 

Sometimes  hops  are  also  put  in,  to  give 
it  a  "bitter  taste. 

The  "brewer  watches  to  see  the  bubbles 
of  gas  that  tell,  as  plainly  as  words  could, 
that  sugar  is  going  and  alcohol  is  coming. 

When  the  work  is  finished,  the  barley  has 
been  made  into  beer. 

It  might  have  been  ground  and  made  into 
barley-cakes,  or  into  pearl  barley  to  thicken 
our  soups,  and  then  it  would  have  been  good 
food.  Now,  it  is  a  drink  containing  alcohol, 
and  alcohol  is  a  poison. 

You  should  not  drink  beer,  because  there 
is  alcohol  in  it. 

Two    boys    of  the    same   age    begin   school 

•  Car  bon'  ic  acid  gas. 


48  BEER. 

together.  One  of  them  drinks  wine,  cider, 
and  beer.  The  other  never  allows  these 
drinks  to  pass  his  lips.  These  hoys  soon  he- 
come  very  different  from  each  other,  hecause 
one  is  poisoning  his  hocly  and  mind  with 
alcohol,  and  the  other  is  not. 

A  man  wants  a  good,  steady  hoy  to  work 
for  him.  Which  of  these  two  do  you  think 
he  "will  select  ?  A  few  years  later,  a  young 
man  is  wanted  who  can  he  trusted  "with  the 
care  of  an  engine  or  a  hank.  It  is  a  good 
chance.  Which  of  these  young  men  will  he 
more  likely  to  get  it  ? 


REVIEW      QUESTIONS. 

1.  Is  there  sugar  in  grain? 

2.  What  is  in  the  grain  that  can  be  turned  into  sugar? 

3.  "What  can  you  do  to  a  seed  that  will  make  its  starch  turn  into 

sugar  ? 

4.  "What  does  the  brewer  do  to  the  barley  to  make  its  starch  turn 

into  sugar? 

5.  "What  is  malt? 

6.  What  does  the  brewer  put  into  the  malt  to  start  the  working? 

7.  What  gives  the  bitter  taste  to  beer  ? 

8.  How  does  the  brewer  know  when  sugar  begins  to  go  and  alco- 

hol to  come  ? 

9.  Why  does  ho  want  the  starch  turned  to  sugar? 

10.  Is  barley  good  for  food? 

11.  Why  is  beer  not  good  for  food? 

12.  Why  should  you  not  drink  it  ? 

13.  Why  did  the  two  boys  of  the  same  age,  at  the  same  school,  be- 

come so  unlike  ? 

14.  Which  will  have  the  best  chance  in  life  ? 


CHAPTER    VI 

DISTILLING. 


ISTILLING  (distfiVing)  may  be  a  new  word 
to  you,  but  you  can  easily  learn  its 
meaning-. 

You  have  all  seen  distilling'  going  on  in 
the  kitchen  at  home,  many  a  time.  When 
the  water  in  the  tea-kettle  is  boiling-,  what 
comes  out  at  the  nose  ?  Steam. 

What  is  steam  ? 

You  can  find  out  what  it  is  by  catching 
some  of  it  on  a  cold  plate,  or  tin  cover.  As 
soon  as  it  touches  any  thing  cold,  it  turns 
into  drops  of  water. 

When  we  boil  water  and  turn  it  into 
steam,  and  then  turn  the  steam  back  into 
water,  we  have  distilled  the  water.  We  say 
vapor  instead  of  steam,  when  we  talk  about 
the  boiling  of  alcohol. 

It  takes  less  heat  to  turn  alcohol  to  vapor 


50  DISTILLING. 

than  to  turn  water  to  steam;  so,  if  we  put 
over  the  fire  some  liquid  that  contains  alco- 
hol, and  "begin  to  collect  the  vapor  as  it  rises, 
we  shall  get  alcohol  first,  and  then  water. 

But  the  alcohol  will  not  "be  pure  alcohol; 
it  will  he  part  water,  "because  it  is  so  ready 
to  mix  with  water  that  it  has  to  be  distilled 
many  times  to  he  pure. 

But  each  time  it  is  distilled,  it  will  "be- 
come stronger,  because  there  is  a  little  more 
alcohol  and  a  little  less  water. 

In  this  way,  brandy,  rum,  whiskey,  and 
gin  are  distilled,  from  wine,  cider,  and  the 
liquors  which  have  been  made  from  corn, 
rye,  or  barley. 

The  cider,  wine,  and  beer  had  but  little 
alcohol  in  them.  The  brandy,  rum,  whiskey, 
and  gih  are  nearly  one-half  alcohol. 

A  glass  of  strong  liquor  which  has  been 
made  by  distilling,  will  injure  any  one  more, 
and  quicker,  than  a  glass  of  cider,  rum,  or 
beer. 

But  a  cider,  wine,  or  beer-drinker  often 
drinks  so  much  more  of  the  weaker  liquor, 
that  he  gets  a  great  deal  of  alcohol.  People 


DISTILLING.  51 

are  often  made  drunkards  by  drinking"  cider 
or  beer.     The  more  poison,  the  more  danger. 


REVIEW      QUESTIONS. 

1.  Where  have  you  ever  seen  distilling  going  on? 

2.  How  can  you  distill  water? 

3.  How  can    men    separate    alcohol   from  wine  or  from   any  other 

liquor  that  contains  it  ? 

4.  Why  will  not  this  be  pure  alcohol? 

5.  How  is  a  liquor  made  stronger  ? 

6.  Name  some  of  the  distilled  liquors. 

7.  How  are  they  made  ? 

8.  How  much  of  them  is  alcohol  ? 

9.  Which  is  the  most  harmful— the  distilled  liquor,  or  beer,  wine,  or 

cider  ? 

10.   Why  does  the  wine,  cider,   or  beer-drinker  often  get   as   much 
alcohol  ? 


OHAPTEE    VII. 

ALCOHOL. 

LCOHOL  looks  like  water,  but  it  is  not 
at  all  like  water. 

Alcohol  will  take  fire,  and  burn  if  a  lighted 
match  is  held  near  it ;  but  you  know  that 
water  will  not  burn. 

When  alcohol  burns,  the  color  of  the  flame 
is  blue.  It  does  not  give  much  light :  it  makes 
no  smoke  or  soot ;  but  it  does  give  a  great 
deal  of  heat. 

A  little  dead  tree-toad  was  once  put  into 
a  bottle  of  alcohol.  It  was  years  ago,  but 
the  tree-toad  is  there  still,  looking  just  as  it 
did  the  first  day  it  was  put  in.  What  has 
kept  it  so  ? 

It  is  the  alcohol.  The  tree-toad  would 
have  soon  decayed  if  it  had  been  put  into 
water.  So  you  see  that  alcohol  keeps  dead 
bodies  from  decaying. 


ALCOHOL.  53 

Pure  alcoliol  is  not  often  used  as  a  drink. 
People  who  take  beer,  wine,  and  cider  get 
a  little  alcohol  with  each  drink.  Those  who 
drink  brandy,  rum,  whiskey,  or  gin,  get  more 
alcohol,  because  thos-3  liquors  are  nearly  one 
half  alcohol. 

You  may  "wonder  that  people  wish  to  use 
such  poisonous  drinks  at  all.  But  alcohol  is 
a  deceiver.  It  often  cheats  the  man  who 
takes  a  little,  into  thinking  it  will  be  good 
for  him  to  take  more. 

Sometimes  tjie  appetite  which  begs  so 
hard  for  the  poison,  is  formed  in  childhood. 
If  you  eat  wine-jelly,  or  wine-sauce,  you  may 
learn  to  like  the  taste  of  alcohol  and  thus 
easily  begin  to  drink  some  weak  liquor. 

The  more  the  drinker  takes,  the  more  he 
often  wants,  and  thus  he  goes  on  from  drink- 
ing cider,  wine,  or  beer,  to  drinking  whiskey, 
brandy,  or  rum.  Thus  drunkards  are  made. 

People  who  are  in  the  habit  of  taking 
drinks  which  contain  alcohol,  often  care  more 
for  them  than  for  any  thing  else,  even  when, 
they  know  they  are  being  ruined  by  them. 


54:  ALCOHOL. 


REVIEW      QUESTIONS. 

1.  How  does  alcohol  look  ? 

2.  How  does  alcohol  turn  ? 

3.  What  will  alcohol  do  to  a  dead  body  ? 

4.  "What  drinks  contain  a  little  alcohol  ? 

5.  What  drinks  are  about  one  half  alcohol  ? 

6.  How  does  alcohol  cheat  people  ? 

7.  When  is  the  appetite  sometimes  formed  ? 

8.  Why  should  you  not  eat  wine-sauce  or  wine-jelly  ? 

9.  How  are  drunkards  made  ? 


OHAPTEK    VIII. 

TOBACCO. 

FARMER  who  liad  been  in  the  habit  of 
planting-  his  fields  with  corn,  wheat, 
and  potatoes,  once  made  up  his  mind  to  plant 
tobacco  instead. 

Let  us  see  whether  he  did  any  good  to  the 
world  by  the  change. 

The  tobacco  plants  grew  up  as  tall  as  a 
little  boy  or  girl,  and  spread  out  broad,  green 
leaves. 

By  and  by  he  pulled  the  stalks,  and  dried 
the  leaves.  Some  of  them  he  pressed  into 
cakes  of  tobacco;  some  he  rolled  into  cigars; 
and  some  he  ground  into  snuff. 

If  you  ask  what  tobacco  is  good  for,  the 
best  answer  will  be,  to  tell  you  what  it  will 
do  to  a  man  or  boy  who  uses  it,  and  then  let 
you  answer  the  question  for  yourselves. 

Tobacco   contains   something    called    nico- 


56 


TOBACCO. 


tine  (nik'o  tin).  This  is  a  strong  poison.  One 
drop  of  it  is  enough  to  kill  a  clog.  In  one 
cigar  there  is  enough,  if  taken  pure,  to  kill 
two  men. 


Even  to  work  upon 

tobacco,  makes  people 

pale  and  sickly.  Once 
I  went  into  a  snuif  mill,  and  the  man  who 
had  the  care  of  it  showed  me  how  the  work 
was  done. 


TOBACCO.  57 

The  mill  stood  in  a  pretty  place,  beside  a 
little  stream  which  turned  the  mill-wheel. 
Tall  trees  bent  over  it,  and  a  fresh  breeze  was 
blowing-  through  the  open  windows.  Yet  the 
smell  of  the  tobacco  was  so  strong-  that  I  'had 
to  go  to  the  door  many  times,  for  a  breath  of 
pure  air. 

I  asked  the  man  if  it  did  not  make  him 
sick  to  work  there. 

lie  said:  "It  made  me  Arery  sick  for  the 
first  few  weeks.  Then  I  began  to  get  used 
to  it,  and  now  I  don't  mind  it." 

He  was  like  the  boys  who  try  to  learn  to 
smoke.  It  almost  always  makes  them  sick  at 
first ;  but  they  think  it  will  be  manly  to  keep 
011.  At  last,  they  get  used  to  it. 

The  sickness  is  really  the  way  in  which 
the  boy's  body  is  trying  to  say  to  him : 
"There  is  dang-er  here;  you  are  playing-  with 
poison.  Let  me  stop  you  before  great  harm 
is  done." 

Perhaps  you  will  say :  "I  have  seen  men 
smoke  cigars,  even  four  or  five  in  a  day,  and 
it  didn't  kill  them." 

It    did    not    kill    them,    because    they    did 


58  TOBACCO. 

not  swallow  the  nicotine.  They  only  drew 
in  a  little  with  the  breath.  But  taking  a 
little  poison  in  this  way,  clay  after  clay,  can 
not  he  safe,  or  really  helpful  to  any  one. 


REVIEW     QUESTIONS. 

1.  What  did  the   farmer  plant    instead   of  corn,  wheat,    and  pota- 

toes? 

2.  "What  was  done  with  the  tobacco  leaves? 

3.  What  is  the  name  of  the  poison  which  is  in  tobacco? 

4.  How  much  of  it  is  needed  to  kill  a  dog  ? 

5.  What  harm  can  the  nicotine  in  one  cigar  do,  if  taken  pure? 

6.  Tell  the  story  of  the  visit  to  the  snuff  mill. 

7.  Why  are  boys  made  sick  by  their  first  use  of  tobacco? 

8.  Why  does  not  smoking  a  cigar  kill  a  man  ? 

9.  What  is  said  about  a  little  poison? 


CHAPTEE    IX. 

OPIUM. 

LCOHOL  and  tobacco  are  called  narcotics 
(nar  kat'iks).  This  means  that  they  have 
the  power  of  putting*  the  nerves  to  sleep. 
Opium  (o'pi  \im)  is  another  narcotic. 

It  is  a  poison  made  from  the  juice  of  pop- 
pies, and  is  used  in  medicines. 

Opium  is  put  into  soothing-syrups  (sir'ttps), 
and  these  are  sometimes  given  to  "babies  to 
keep  them  from  crying.  They  do  this  by 
injuring  the  tender  nerves  and  poisoning  the 
little  body. 

How  can  any  one  give  a  baby  opium  to 
save  taking  patient  care  of  it  ? 

Surely  the  mothers  would  not  do  it,  if 
they  knew  that  this  soothing-syrup  that  ap- 
pears like  a  friend,  coming  to  quiet  and  com- 
fort the  baby,  is  really  an  enemy. 

Sometimes,  a  child  no  older  than  some  of 


GO 


OPIUM. 


you  are,  is  left  at   liome  with,   tlie    care  of  a 
baby  brother  or  sister ;   so  it  is  "best  that  you 


Don't  give  soothing-syrup  to  children. 

should  know  about  this  dangerous  enemy, 
and  never  be  tempted  to  quiet  the  baby  by 
giving-  him  a  poison,  instead  of  taking  your 
best  and  kindest  care  of  liim. 


REVIEW      QUESTIONS. 


1.  What  is  a  narcotic? 

2.  Name  three  narcotics  ? 

3.  From  what  is  opium  made  ? 


4.  For  what  is  it  used? 

5.  Why    is    soothing-syrup    dan- 

gerous ? 


CHAPTER    X. 

WHAT     ARE     ORGANS? 

N  organ  is  a  part  of  the  body  which  has 
some  special  work  to  do.  The  eye  is  the 
organ  of  sight.  The  stomach  (stum'Sk)  is  an 
organ  which  takes  care  of  the  food  we  eat. 

THE     TEETH. 

Your  teeth  do  not    look  alike,   since   they 


Different  Hnds  of  teeth. 


62  WHAT    ARE    ORGANS? 

must  do  different  kinds  of  work.      The  front 
ones  cut,  the  hack  ones  grind. 

They  are  made  of  a  kind  of  hone  covered 
with  a  hard  smooth  enamel  (Sn&m'ei).  If  the 
enamel  is  "broken,  the  teeth  soon  decay  and' 
ache,  for  each  tooth  is  furnished  with  a  nerve 
that  very  quickly  feels  pain. 

CARE     OF     THE     TEETH. 

Cracking  nuts  -with  the  teeth,  or  even 
biting  thread,  is  apt  to  break  the  enamel;  and 
when  once  broken,  you  will  "wish  in  vain  to 
have  it  mended.  The  dentist  can  fill  a  hole 
in  the  tooth  ;  but  he  can  not  cover  the  tooth 
with  new  enamel. 

Bits  of  food  should  be  carefully  picked 
from  between  the  teeth  with  a  tooth-pick  of 
quill  or  wood,  never  with  a  pin  or  other  hard 
and  sharp  thing  which  might  break  the 
enamel. 

The  teeth  must  also  be  well  brushed. 
Nothing  but  perfect  cleanliness  will  keep 
them  in  good  order.  Always  brush  them 
before  breakfast.  YoLir  breakfast  will  taste 
all  the  better  for  it.  Brush  them  at  night 


THE    CHEST    AND    ABDOMEN.  63 

"before  you  go  to  "bed,  lest  some  food  should 
"be  decaying1  in  your  mouth,  during  the  night. 
Take  care  of  these  cutters  and  grinders, 
that  they  may  not  decay,  and  so  be  unable 
to  do  their  work  well. 

THE      CHEST     AND     ABDOMEN. 

You  have  learned  about  the  twenty-four 
little  bones  in  the  spine,  and  the  ribs  that 
curve  around  from  the  spine  to  the  front,  or 
breast-bone. 

These  bones,  with  the  shoulder-blades 
and  the  collar-bones,  form  a  bony  case  or 
box. 

In  it  are  some  of  the  most  useful  organs 
of  the  body. 

This  box  is  divided  across  the  middle  by 
a  strong  muscle,  so  that  we  may  say  it  is 
two  stories  high. 

The  upper  room  is  called  the  chest ;  the 
lower  one,  the  abdomen  (abdc'mgnX 

In  the  chest,  are  the  heart  and  the  lungs. 

In  the  abdomen,  are  the  stomach,  the 
liver,  and  some  other  organs. 


64  WHAT    ARE    ORGANS? 


THE     STOMACH. 

The  stomacli  is  a  strong-  bag,  as  wonderful 
a  bag  as  could  Tbe  made,  you  will  say,  when 
I  tell  you  what  it  can  do. 

The  outside  is  made  of  muscles ;  the  lining 
prepares  a  juice  called  gastric  (g&s'trik)  juice, 
and  keeps  it  always  ready  for  use. 

Now,  what  would  you  think  if  a  man 
could  put  into  a  bag,  beef,  and  apples,  and 
potatoes,  and  bread  and  milk,  and  sugar,  and 
salt,  tie  up  the  bag"  and  lay  it  away  on  a 
shelf  for  a  few  hours,  and  then  show  you  that 
the  beef  had  disappeared,  so  had  the  apples, 
so  had  the  potatoes,  the  bread  and  milk,  su- 
gar, and  salt,  and  the  bag*  was  filled  only 
with  a  thin,  grayish  fluid  ?  Would  you  not 
call  it  a  magical  bag  ? 

Now,  your  stomach  and  mine  are  just  such 
magical  bags. 

"We  put  in  our  breakfasts,  dinners,  and 
suppers ;  and,  after  a  few  hours,  they  are 
changed.  The  gastric  juice  has  been  mixed 
with  them.  The  strong  muscles  that  form 
the  outside  of  the  stomach  have  been  squeez- 


WHY    DOES    THE    FOOD    NEED    CHANGING?       65 

ing  the  food,  rolling  it  about,  and  mixing  it 
together,  until  it  has  all  been  changed  to  a 
thin,  grayish  fluid. 

HOW     DOES    ANYBODY    KNOW    THIS? 

A  soldier  was  once  shot  in  the  side  in  such 
a  way  that  when  the  wound  healed,  it  left 
an  opening  with  a  piece  of  loose  skin  over  it, 
like  a  little  door  leading  into  his  stomach. 

A  doctor  who  wished  to  learn  about  the 
stomach,  hired  him  for  a  servant  and  used 
to  study  him  every  clay. 

He  would  push  aside  the  little  flap  of  skin 
and  put  into  the  stomach  any  kind  of  food 
that  he  pleased,  and  then  watch  to  see  "what 
happened  to  it. 

In  this  way,  he  learned  a  great  deal  and 
wrote  it  down,  so  that  other  people  might 
know,  too.  In  other  ways,  also,  which  it 
would  take  too  long  to  tell  you  here,  doctors 
have  learned  how  these  magical  food-bags 
take  care  of  our  food. 

WHY  DOES  THE  FOOD  NEED  TO  BE  CHANGED? 

Your  mamma  tells  you  sometimes  at 
breakfast  that  you  must  eat  oat-meal  and 


66  WHAT    ARE    ORGANS? 

milk  to  make  you  grow  into  a  "big*  man  or 
woman. 

Did  yon  ever  wonder  what  part  of  yon  is 
made  of  oat-meal,  or  what  part  of  milk  ? 

That  stont  little  arm  does  not  look  like 
oat-meal;  those  rosy  cheeks  do  not  look  like 
milk. 

If  onr  food  is  to  make  stont  arms  and 
rosy  cheeks,  strong-  "bodies  and  bnsy  brains, 
it  mnst  first  he  changed  into  a  form  in 
which  it  can  get  to  each  part  and  feed  it. 

When  the  food  in  the  stomach  is  mixed 
and  prepared,  it  is  ready  to  he  sent  throngh 
the  "body;  some  is  carried  to  the  hones,  some 
to  the  mnscles,  some  to  the  nerves  and  brain, 
some  to  the  skin,  and  some  even  to  the  finger 
nails,  the  hair,  and  the  eyes.  Each  part  needs 
to  be  fed  in  order  to  grow. 

WHY     DO     PEOPLE     WHO     ARE     NOT     GROWING 
NEED    FOOD? 

Children  need  each  day  to  make  larger 
and  larger  bones,  larger  mnscles,  and  a  larger 
skin  to  cover  the  larger  body. 

Every  day,  each  part  is  also  wearing   ont 


ALCOHOL    AND    THE    STOMACH.  67 

a  little,  and  needing  to  be  mended  by  some 
new  food.  People  who  have  grown  up,  need 
their  food  for  this  work  of  mending. 

CARE      OF     THE     STOMACH. 

One  way  to  take  care  of  the  stomach  is 
to  give  it  only  its  own  work  to  do.  The 
teeth  must  first  do  their  work  faithfully. 

The  stomach  must  have  rest,  too.  I  have 
seen  some  children  who  want  to  make  their 
poor  stomachs  work  all  the  time.  They  are 
always  eating  apples,  or  candy,  or  something, 
so  that  their  stomachs  have  no  chance  to 
rest.  If  the  stomach  does  not  rest,  it  will 
wear  out  the  same  as  a  machine  would. 

The  stomach  can  not  work  well,  unless 
it  is  quite  warm.  If  a  person  pours  ice-water 
into  his  stomach  as  he  eats,  just  as  the  food 
is  beginning  to  change  into  the  gray  fluid 
of  which  you  have  learned,  the  work  stops 
until  the  stomach  gets  warm  again. 

ALCOHOL     AND     THE      STOMACH. 

You  remember  about  the  man  who  had 
the  little  door  to  his  stomach.  Sometimes, 


68  WHAT    ARE    ORGANS? 

the  doctor  put  in  wine,  cider,  brandy,  or 
some  drink  that  contained  alcohol,  to  see 
what  it  would  do.  It  was  carried  away  very 
quickly;  hut  during  the  little  time  it  stayed, 
it  did  nothing  hut  harm. 

It  injured  the  gastric  juice,  so  that  it 
could  not  mix  with  the  food. 

If  the  doctor  had  put  in  more  a]cohol, 
day  after  day,  as  one  does  who  drinks  liquor, 
sores  would  perhaps  have  come  on  the  deli- 
cate lining  of  the  stomach.  Sometimes  the 
stomach  is  so  hurt  by  alcohol,  that  the 
drinker  dies.  If  the  stomach  can  not  do  its 
work  well,  the  whole  body  must  suffer  from 
want  of  the  good  food  it  needs.* 

TOBACCO     AND     THE      MOUTH. 

The  saliva  in  the  mouth  helps  to  prepare 
the  food,  before  it  goes  into  the  stomach.  To- 
bacco makes  the  mouth  very  dry,  and  more 
saliva  has  to  flow  out  to  moisten  it. 

But  tobacco  juice  is  mixed  with  the  sa- 
liva, and  that  must  not  be  swallowed.  It 

*   The    food    is    partly    prepared    by    the    liver    and    some    other 
organs. 


TOBACCO  AND  THE  MOUTH.  69 

must  be  spit  out,  and  with  it  is  sent  the 
saliva  that  was  needed  to  help  prepare  the 
food. 

Tobacco  discolors  the  teeth,  makes  "bad 
sores  in  the  mouth,  and  often  causes  a  disease 
of  the  throat. 

You  can  tell  where  some  people  have 
been,  by  the  neatness  and  comfort  they  leave 
after  them. 

You  can  tell  where  the  tobacco-user  has 
been,  by  the  dirty  floor,  and  street,  and  the 
air  made  unfit  to  breathe,  because  of  the 
smoke  and  strong,  bad  smell  of  old  tobacco 
from  his  pipe  and  cigar  and  from  his  breath 
and  clothes. 


REVIEW      QUESTIONS. 

1.  What  are  organs? 

2.  What  work  do  the  front  teeth  do?  the  back  teeth? 

3.  What  are  the  teeth  made  of? 

4.  What  causes  the  toothache? 

5.  How  is  the  enamel  often  broken? 

6.  Why  should  a  tooth-pick  be  used? 

7.  Why  should  the  teeth  be  well  brushed? 

8.  When  should  they  be  brushed? 

9.  What  bones  form  a  case  or  box? 

10.  What  is  the  upper  room  of  this  box  called  ?  the  lower  room  ? 


70  WHAT    ARE    ORGANS? 


11.  What  organs  are  in  the  chest?   the  abdomen? 

12.  What  is  the  stomach  ? 

13.  What  does  its  lining  do  ? 

14.  "What   do    the    stomach  and  the  gastric  juice  do  to  the  food  we 

have  eaten? 

15.  How  did  anybody  find  out  what  the  stomach  could  do? 

16.  Why  must  all  the  food  we  eat  be  changed? 

17.  Why  do  you  need  food? 

18.  Why  do  people  who  are  not  growing  need  food? 

19.  What  does  alcohol  do  to  the  gastric  juice?   to  the  stomach? 

20.  What  is  the  use  of  the  saliva? 

21.  How  does  the  habit  of  spitting  injure  a  person  ? 

22.  How  does  tobacco  affect  the  teeth?   the  mouth? 

23.  How  does  the  tobacco-user  annoy  other  people? 


CHAPTER  XI. 

WHAT  DOES  THE  BODY  NEED  FOR  FOOD? 

OW  that  you  know  how  the  "body  is  fed, 
you  must  next  learn  what  to  feed  it 
with;  and  what  each  part  needs  to  make  it 
grow  and  to  keep  it  strong-  and  well. 

WATER. 

A  large  part  of  your  body  is  made  of 
water.  So  you  need,  of  course,  to  drink 
water,  and  to  have  it  used  in  preparing 
your  food. 

Water  comes  from  the  clouds,  and  is 
stored  up  in  cisterns  or  in  springs  in  the 
ground.  From  these  pipes  are  laid  to  lead 
the  water  to  our  houses. 

Sometimes,  men  dig  down  until  they  reach 
a  spring,  and  so  make  a  well  from  which 
they  can  pump  the  water,  or  dip  it  out  with 
a  "bucket. 


72      WHAT    DOES    THE    BODY    NEED    FOR    FOOD? 

Water  tliat  lias  been  standing-  in  lead  pipes, 
may  have  some  of  the  lead  mixed  with  it. 
Such  water  would  be  very  likely  to  poison 
you,  if  you  drank  it. 

Impurities  are  almost  sure  to  soak  into  a 
well  if  it  is  near  a  drain  or  a  stable. 

If  you  drink  the  water  from  such  a  'well, 
you  may  be  made  very  sick  by  it.  It  is  bet- 
ter to  go  thirsty,  until  you  can  get  good 
water. 

A  sufficient  quantity  of  pure  water  to 
drink  is  just  as  important  for  us,  as  good 
food  to  eat. 

We  could  not  drink  all  the  water  that  our 
bodies  need.  We  take  a  large  part  of  it  in  our 
food,  in  fruits  and  vegetables,  and  even  in 
beefsteak  and  bread. 

LIME. 

Bones  need  lime.  You  remember  the  bone 
that  was  nothing  but  crumbling  lime  after 
it  had  been  in  the  fire. 

Where  shall  we  get  lime  for  our  bones  ? 

We  can  not  eat  lime ;  but  the  grass  and 
the  grains  take  it  out  of  the  earth.  Then 


LIME. 


T3 


the  cows  eat  the  grass  and  turn  it  into  milk, 
and  in  the  milk  we  drink,  we  get  some  of  the 
lime  to  feed  our  bones. 


IAme  being  prepared  for  our  use. 

In  the  same  way,  the  grain  growing  in 
the  field  takes  up  lime  and  other  things  that 
we  need,  "but  could  not  eat  for  ourselves.  The 
lime  that  th.us  "becomes  a  part  of  the  grain, 
we  get  in  our  "bread,  oat-meal  porridge,  and 
other  foods. 


74      WHAT    DOES    THE    BODY    NEED    FOR    FOOD? 

SALT. 

Animals  need  salt,  as  children  who  live 
in  the  country  know  very  well.  They  have 
seen  how  eagerly  the  cows  and  the  sheep  lick 
up  the  salt  that  the  farmer  gives  them. 

Even  wild  cattle  and  toiiffaloes  seek  out 
places  where  there  are  salt  springs,  and  go  in 
great  herds  to  get  the  salt. 

We,  too,  need  some  salt  mixed  with  our 
food.  If  -we  did  not  put  it  in,  either  when 
cooking,  or  afterward,  we  should  still  get  a 
little  in  the  food  itself.  ^ 

FLESH-MAKING    FOODS. 

Muscles  are  lean  meat,  that  is  flesh;  so 
muscles  need  flesh -making  foods.  These  are 
milk,  and  grains  like  wheat,  corn  and  oats ; 
also,  meat  and  eggs.  Most  of  these  foods 
really  come  to  us  out  of  the  ground.  Meat 
and  eggs  are  made  from  the  grain,  grass,  and 
other  vegetables  that  the  cattle  and  hens  eat. 

FAT-MAKING    FOODS. 

We  need  cushions  and  wrappings  of  fat, 
here  and  there  in  our  "bodies,  to  keep  us 


FAT-MAKING    FOODS. 


75 


warm  and  make  us  comfortable.  So  we  must 
have  certain  kinds  of  food  that  will  make 
fat. 


Esquimaux  catching  walrus. 

There  are  right  places  and  wrong"  places 
for  fat,  as  well  as  for  other  things  in  this 
world.  When  alcohol  puts  fat  into  the  mus- 
cles, that  is  fat  "badly  made,  and  in  the  wrong 
place. 

The   good   fat   made   for  the   parts    of  the 


76      WHAT    DOES    THE    BODY    NEED    FOR    FOOD? 

body  which  need  it,  comes  from  fat -making 
foods. 

In  cold  weather,  we  need  more  fatty  food 
than  we  do  in  summer,  just  as  in  cold  coun- 
tries people  need  such  food  all  the  time. 

The  Esquimaux,  -who  live  in  the  lands  oi 
snow  and  ice,  catch  a  great  many  walrus  and 
seal,  and  eat  a  great  deal  of  fat  meat.  You 
•would  not  "be  well  unless  you  ate  some  fat  or 
butter  or  oil. 

WHAT     WILL     MAKE     FAT? 

Sugar  will  make  fat,  and  so  will  starch, 
cream,  rice,  "butter,  and  fat  meat.  As  milk 
will  make  muscle  and  fat  and  bones,  it  is 
the  best  kind  of  food.  Here,  again,  it  is  the 
earth  that  sends  us  our  food.  Fat  meat  comes 
from  animals  well  fed  on  grain  and  grass ; 
sugar,  from  sugar-cane,  maple-trees,  or  beets ; . 
oil,  from  olive-trees ;  butter,  from  cream ;  and 
starch,  from  potatoes,  and  from  corn,  rice,  and 
other  grains. 

Green  apples  and  other  unripe  fruits  are 
not  yet  ready  to  be  eaten.  The  starch  -which 

take  for  food  has  to  be  changed  into  sugar, 


CANDY.  77 

before  it  can  mix  with  the  blood  and  help 
feed  the  body.  As  the  sun  ripens  fruit,  it 
changes  its  starch  to  sugar.  You  can  tell 
this  by  the  difference  in  the  taste  of  ripe  and 
unripe  apples. 

CANDY. 

Most  children  like  candy  so  -well,  that  they 
are  in  danger  of  eating  more  sugar  than  is 
good  for  them.  You  would  starve  if  fed  only 
on  sugar. 

We  would  not  need  to  be  quite  so  much 
afraid  of  a  little  candy  if  it  were  not  for  the 
poison  with  which  it  is  often  colored. 

Even  what  is  called  pure,  white  candy  is 
sometimes  not  really  such.  There  is  a  simple 
way  by  which  you  can  find  this  out  for 
yourselves. 

If  you  put  a  spoonful  of  sugar  into  a 
tumbler  of  water,  it  will  all  dissolve  and 
disappear.  Put  a  piece  of  white  candy  into  a 
tumbler  of  water;  and,  if  it  is  made  of  pure 
sugar  only,  it  will  dissolve  and  disappear. 

If  it  is  nob,  you  will  find  at  the  bottom 
of  the  tumbler  some  white  earth.  This  is  not 


78      WHAT    DOES    THE    BODY    NEED    FOR    FOOD? 

good  food  for  anybody.  Candy-makers  often 
put  it  into  candy  in  place  of  sugar,  because 
it  is  cneaper  tnan  sugar. 


REVIEW      Q.UESTIONS. 

1.  Why  do  we  need  food  ? 

2.  How  do  people  get  water  to  drink  ? 

3.  Why  is  it  not  safe  to  drink  water  that  has  been  standing  in  lead 

pipes.? 

4.  Why  is  the  water  of  a  well  that  is  near  a  drain  or  a  stable,  not 

fit  to  drink  ? 

5.  What  food  do  the  bones  need? 

6.  How  do  we  get  lime  for  our  bones  ? 

7.  What  is  said  about  salt  ? 

8.  What  food  do  the  muscles  need? 

9.  Name  some  flesh-making  foods. 

10.  Why  do  we  need  fat  in  our  bodies  ? 

11.  What  is  said  of  the  fat  made  by  alcohol  ? 

12.  What  kinds  of  food  will  make  good  fat  ? 

13.  What  do  the  Esquimaux  eat  ? 

14.  How  does  the  sun  change  unripe  fruits? 

15.  Why  is  colored  candy  often  poisonous  ? 

16.  What  is  sometimes  put  into  white  candy?    Why? 

17.  How  could  you  show  this? 


T 

JFTL 


CHAPTER  XII. 

HOW  FOOD   BECOMES   PART   OF  THE 
BODY. 

ERE,   at    last,   is   tlie    bill  of  fare    for  our 

j- 

dinner  : 

Roast  beef,  Bread,  Peaches, 

Potatoes,  Butter,  Bananas, 

Tomatoes,  Salt,  Oranges, 

Squash,  "Water,  Grapes. 

What  must  be  done  first,  with  the  dif- 
ferent kinds  of  food  that  are  to  make  up  this 
dinner  ? 

The  meat,  vegetables,  and  bread  must  be 
cooked.  Cooking  prepares  them  to  be  easily 
worked  upon  by  the  mouth  and  stomach.  If 
they  were  not  cooked,  this  work  would  be 
very  hard.  Instead  of  going  on  quietly  and 
without  letting  us  know  any  thing  about  it, 
there  would  be  pains  and  aches  in  the  over- 
worked stomach. 


80      HOW    FOOD    BECOMES    PART    OF    THE    BODY. 

The  fruit  is  not  cooked  by  a  fire ;  but  we 
might  almost  say  the  sun  had  cooked  it,  for 
the  sun  has  ripened  and  sweetened  it. 

When  you  are  older,  some  of  you  may 
have  charge  of  the  cooking  in  your  homes. 
You  must  then  remember  that  food  well 
cooked  is  worth  twice  as  much  as  food  poorly 
cooked. 

"A  good  cook  has  more  to  do  with  the 
health  of  the  family,  than  a  good  doctor." 

THE     SALIVA. 

Next  to  the  cooking  comes  the  eating. 

As  soon  as  we  begin  to  chew  our  food,  a 
juice  in  the  mouth,  called  saliva  (saii'va), 
moistens  and  mixes  with  it. 

Saliva  has  the  wonderful  power  of  turn- 
ing starch  into  sugar ;  and  the  starch  in  our 
food  needs  to  be  turned  into  sugar,  before  it 
can  be  taken  into  the  blood. 

You  can  prove  for  yourselves  that  saliva 
can  turn  starch  into  sugar.  Chew  slowly  a 
piece  of  dry  cracker.  The  cracker  is  made 
mostly  of  starch,  because  wheat  is  full  of 
starch.  At  first,  the  cracker  is  dry  and 


SWALLOWING.  81 

tasteless.  Soon,  however,  you  find  it  tastes 
sweet ;  the  saliva  is  changing  the  starch  into 
sugar. 

All  your  food  should  be  eaten  slowly  and 
chewed  well,  so  that  the  saliva  may  he  able 
to  mix  with  it.  Otherwise,  the  starch  may 
not  "be  changed ;  and  if  one  part  of  your  "body 
neglects  its  work,  another  part  will  have 
more  than  its  share  to  do.  That  is  hardly 
fair. 

If  you  swallow  your  food  in  a  hurry  and 
do  not  let  the  saliva  do  its  work,  the  stomach 
will  have  extra  work.  But  it  will  find  it 
hard  to  do  more  than  its  own  part,  and, 
perhaps,  will  complain. 

It  can  not  speak  in  words ;  but  will 
"by  aching,  and  that  is  almost  as  plain  as 
words. 

SWALLOWING. 

Next  to  the  chewing,  comes  the  swallow- 
ing. Is  there  any  thing  wonderful  about 
that? 

We  have  two  passages  leading  clown  our 
throats.  One  is  to  the  lungs,  for  breath- 


82       HOW    FOOD    BECOMES    PART    OF    THE    BODY. 

ing- ;  the  other,  to  the  stomach,  for  swal- 
lowing. 

Do  you  wonder  why  the  food  does  not 
sometimes  go  down  the  wrong  way  ? 

The  windpipe  leading  to  the  lungs  is  in 
front  of  the  other  tube.  It  has  at  its  top  a 
little  trap-door.  This  opens  when  we  breathe 
and  shuts  when  we  swallow,  so  that  the  food 
slips  over  it  safely  into  the  passage  behind, 
which  leads  to  the  stomach. 

If  you  try  to  speak  while  you  have  food 
in  your  mouth,  this  little  door  has  to  open, 
and  some  bit  of  food  may  slip  in.  The 
windpipe  will  not  pass  it  to  the  lungs, 
but  tries  to  force  it  back.  Then  we  say  the 
food  chokes  us.  If  the  windpipe  can  not 
succeed  in  forcing  back  the  food,  the  person 
will  die. 

HOW  THE  FOOD  IS  CARRIED  THROUGH  THE 

BODY. 

But  we  will  suppose  that  the  food  of  our 
dinner  has  gone  safely  down  into  the  stomach. 
There  the  stomach  works  it  over,  and  mixes 
in  gastric  juice,  until  it  is  all  a  gray  fluid. 


HOW    THE     FOOD     IS    CARRIED,     ETC.  83 

Now  it  is  ready  to  go  into  the  intestines, — 
a  long,  coiled  tube  which  leads  out  of  the 
stomach, —  from  which  the  prepared  food  is 
taken  into  the  "blood. 

The  blood  carries  it  to  the  heart.  The 
heart  pumps  it  out  with  the  "blood  into  the 
lungs,  and  then  all  through  the  body,  to 
make  bone,  and  muscle,  and  skin,  and  hair, 
and  eyes,  and  brain. 

Besides  feeding  all  these  parts,  this  dinner 
can  help  to  mend  any  parts  that  may  be 
broken. 

Suppose  a  boy  should  break  one  of  the 
bones  of  his  arm,  how  could  it  be  mended  ? 

If  you  should  bind  together  the  two  parts 
of  a  broken  stick  and  leave  them  a  while,  do 
you  think  they  would  grow  together? 

No,  indeed ! 

But  the  doctor  could  carefully  bind  to- 
gether the  ends  of  the  broken  bone  in  the 
boy's  arm  and  leave  it  for  awhile,  and  the 
blood  would  bring  it  bone  food  every  day, 
until  it  had  grown  together  again. 

So  a  dinner  can  both  make  and  mend  the 
different  parts  of  the  body. 


84  HOW  FOOD  BECOMES  PART  OF  THE  BODY. 


REVIEW     QUESTIONS. 

1.  What  shall  we  have  for  dinner? 

2.  What  is  the  first  thing  to  do  to  our  food? 

3.  Why  do  we  cook  meat  and  vegetables? 

4.  Why  do  not  ripe  fruits  need  cooking? 

5.  What  is  said  about  a  good  cook? 

6.  What  is  the  first  thing  to  do  after    taking  the   food  into   your 

mouth  ? 

7.  WTiy  must  you  chew  it? 

8.  What  does  the  saliva  do  to  the  food? 

9.  How  can  you  prove  that  saliva  turns  starch  into  sugar? 

10.  What  happens   if  the   food   is   not  chewed   and  mixed  with   the 

saliva  ? 

11.  What  comes  next  to  the  chewing? 

12.  "What  is  there  wonderful  about  swallowing? 

13.  What  must  you  be  careful  about,  when  you  are  swallowing? 

14.  What  happens  to  the  food  after  it  is  swallowed? 

15.  How  is  it  changed  in  the  stomach? 

16.  What  carries  the  food  to  every  part  of  the  body? 
L7.  How  can  food  mend  a  bone  ? 


CHAPTER    XIII. 

STRENGTH. 

ERE  are  the  names  of  some  of  the  dif- 
ferent kinds  of  food.  If  you  write  them 
on  the  blackboard  or  on  your  slates,  it  will 
help  you  to  remember  them. 

Water.    Salt.    Lime. 


Meat, 

Milk, 

Eggs, 

Wheat, 

Corn, 


for  muscles. 


Sugar, 

Starch, 

Fat,        }  for  fat  and  heat. 

Cream, 

Oil, 


Oats, 

Perhaps  some  of  you  noticed  that  we  had 
no  wine,  beer,  nor  any  drink  that  had  alcohol 
in  it,  on  our  bill  of  fare  for  dinner.  We  had 
no  cigars,  either,  to  be  smoked  after  dinner. 
If  these  are  good  things,  we  ought  to  have 
had  them.  Why  did  we  leave  them  out  ? 

We  should  eat  in  order  to  grow  strong  and  keep 
strong. 


86  STRENGTH. 

STRENGTH    OF     BODY. 

If  you  wanted  to  measure  your  strength., 
one  way  of  doing  so  -would  be  to  fasten  a 
heavy  weight  to  one  end  of  a  rope  and  pass 
the  rope  over  a  pulley.  Then  you  might  take 
hold  at  the  other  end  of  the  rope  and  pull  as 
hard  and  steadily  as  you  could,  marking  the 
place  to  which  you  raised  the  weight.  By 
trying  this  once  a  week,  or  once  a  month, 
you  could  tell  toy  the  marks,  whether  you 
were  gaining  strength. 

But  how  can  we  gain  strength  ? 

We  must  exercise  in  the  open  air,  and 
take  pure  air  into  our  lungs  to  help  purify 
our  blood,  and  plenty  of  exercise  to  make 
our  muscles  grow. 

We  must  eat  good  and  simple  food,  that 
the  blood  may  nave  supplies  to  take  to  every 
part  of  the  body. 

ALCOHOL     AND     STRENGTH. 

People  used  to  think  that  alcohol  made 
them  strong. 

Can  alcohol  make  good  muscles,  or  bone, 
or  nerve,  or  brain  ? 


BEER    AND     CIDER.  87 

You  have  already  answered  "  No ! "  to  each, 
of  these  questions. 

If  it  can  not  make  muscles,  nor  hone,  nor 
nerve,  nor  hrain,  it  can  not  give  you  any 
strength. 

BEER. 

Some  people  may  tell  you  that  drinking 
heer  will  make  you  strong. 

The  grain  from  which  the  heer  is  made, 
would  have  given  you  strength.  If  you 
should  measure  your  strength  "before  and 
after  drinking  heer,  you  would  find  that  you 
had  not  gained  any.  Most  of  the  food  part  of 
the  grain  has  "been  turned  into  alcohol. 

CIDER. 

The  juice  of  crushed  apples,  you  know,  is 
called  cider.  As  soon  as  the  cider  hegins  to 
turn  sour,  or  "hard,"  as  people  say,  alcohol 
hegins  to  form  in  it. 

Pure  water  is  good,  and  apples  are  good. 
But  the  apple-juice  hegins  to  he  a  poison  as 
soon  as  there  is  the  least  drop  of  alcohol  in  it. 
In  cider -making,  the  alcohol  forms  in  the 


88  STRENGTH. 

juice,  yon  know,  in  a  few  hours  after  it  is 
pressed  out  of  the  apples. 

None  of  the  drinks  in  which  there  is  alco- 
hol, can  give  you  real  strength. 

Then  why  do  people  think  they  can  ? 

Because  alcohol  puts  the  nerves  to  sleep, 
they  can  not,  truly,  tell  the  "brain  how  hard 
the  work  is,  or  how  heavy  the  weight  to  "be 
lifted. 

The  alcohol  has  in  this  way  cheated  men 
into  thinking  they  can  do  more  than  they 
really  can.  This  false  feeling  of  strength  lasts 
only  a  little  "while.  When  it  has  passed,  men 
feel  weaker  than  before. 

A  story  which  shows  that  alcohol  does  not 
give  strength,  was  told  me  by  the  captain  of 
a  ship,  who  sailed  to  China  and  other  distant 
places. 

Many  years  ago,  "when  people  thought  a 
little  alcohol  was  good,  it  was  the  custom  to 
carry  in  every  ship,  a  great  deal  of  rum.  This 
liquor  is  distilled  from  molasses  and  contains 
about  one  half  alcohol.  This  rum  was  given 
to  the  sailors  every  day  to  drink ;  and,  if 
there  was  a  great  storm,  and  they  had  -very 


STRENGTH. 


89 


90  STRENGTH. 

hard  work  to  do,  it  was  the  custom  to  give 
tliem  twice  as  much,  rum  as  usual. 

Tlie  captain  watched  his  men  and  saw 
that  they  were  really  made  no  stronger  by 
drinking  the  rum ;  but  that,  after  a  little 
while,  they  felt  weaker.  So  he  determined  to 
go  to  sea  with  no  rum  in  his  ship.  Once 
out  on  the  ocean,  of  course  the  men  could 
not  get  any. 

At  first,  they  did  not  like  it ;  but  the 
captain  was  very  careful  to  have  their  food 
good  and  plentiful;  and,  when,  a  storm  came, 
and  they  were  wet  and  cold  and  tired,  he 
gave  them  hot  coffee  to  drink.  By  the  time 
they  had  crossed  the  ocean,  the  men  said : 
"The  captain  is  right.  We  have  worked  bet- 
ter, and  we  feel  stronger,  for  going  without 
the  rum." 

STRENGTH     OF     MIND. 

We  have  been  talking  about  the  strength 

of  muscles ;  but  the  very  best  kind  of  strength 

we   have    is   brain    strength,    or   strength    of 

mind. 

'     Alcohol  makes  the  head  ache  and  deadens 


STRENGTH    OF    MIND. 


91 


the  nerves,  so  that  they  can  not  carry  their 
messages  correctly.  Then  the  brain  can  not 
think  well.  Alcohol  does  not  strengthen  the 
mind. 

Some  people  have  little  or  no  money,  and 
no  houses  or  lands ;  but  every  person  ought 
to  own  a  body  and  a  mind  that  can  work  for 
him,  and  make  him  useful  and  happy. 

Suppose  you  have  a  strong,  healthy  body, 
hands  that  are  well-trained  to  work,  and  a 
clear,  thinking  brain  to  be  master  of  the  whole. 
Would  you  be  willing  to  change  places  with  a 
man  whose  body  and  mind  had  been  poisoned 
by  alcohol,  tobacco,  and  opium,  even  though 
he  lived  in  a  palace,  and  had  a  million  of 
dollars  ? 

If  you  want  a  mind  that  can  study,  under- 
stand, and  think  well,  do  not  let  alcohol  and 
tobacco  have  a  chance  to  reach  it. 


REVIEW      QUESTIONS 

1.  What  things  were  left  out  of  our  bill  of  fare  ? 

2.  How  could  you  measure  your  strength? 

3.  How  can  you  gain  strength? 

1.   "Why  does  drinking  beer  not  make  you  strong? 


92  STRENGTH. 


5.  Show  why  drinking  wine  or  any  other  alcoholic  drink  will  not 

make  you  strong. 

6.  Why  do  people  imagine  that  they  feel  strong  after  taking   these 

drinks? 

7.  Tell   the    story  which   shows   that   alcohol  does   not  help    sailors 

do  their  work. 

8.  What  is  the  best  kind  of  strength  to  have? 

9.  How  does  alcohol  affect  the  strength  of  the  mind? 


CHAPTER    XIV. 

THE     HEART. 

'HE  heart  is  in  the  chest,  the  upper  part 
of  the  strong-  box  which  the  ribs,  spine, 
shoulder-blades,  and  collar-bones  make  for 
each  of  us. 

It  is  made  of  very  thick,  strong  muscles, 
as  you  can  see  by  looking-  at  a  beef's  heart, 
which  is  much  like  a  man's,  but  larger. 

HOW     THE     HEART     WORKS. 

Probably  some  of  you  have  seen  a  fire- 
engine  throwing  a  stream  of  water  through 
a  hose  upon  a  burning  building. 

As  the  engine  forces  the  water  through 
the  hose,  so  the  heart,  by  the  working  of  its 
strong  muscles,  pumps  the  blood  through 
tubes,  shaped  like  hose,  which  lead  by  thou- 
sands of  little  branches  all  through  the  body. 
These  tubes  are  called  arteries  (ar'tdr  iz). 


94  THE    HEART. 

Those  tubes  which,  bring  the  blood  back 
again  to  the  heart,  are  called  veins  (vanz).  You 
can  see  some  of  the  smaller  veins  in  your 
wrist. 

If  you  press  your  finger  upon  an  artery  in 
your  "wrist,  you  can  feel  the  steady  beating  of 
the  pulse.  This  tells  just  how  fast  the  heart 
is  pumping  and  the  blood  flowing. 

The  doctor  feels  your  pulse  when  you  are 
sick,  to  find  out  whether  the  heart  is  working 
too  fast,  or  too  slowly,  or  just  right. 

Some  way  is  needed  to  send  the  gray  fluid 
that  is  made  from  the  food  we  eat  and 
drink,  to  every  part  of  the  body. 

To  send  the  food  with  the  blood  is  a  sure 
way  of  making  it  reach  every  part. 

So,  when  the  stomach  has  prepared  the 
food,  the  blood  takes  it  up  and  carries  it  to 
every  part  of  the  body.  It  then  leaves  with 
each  part,  just  what  it  needs. 

THE   BLOOD   AND  THE   BRAIN. 

As  the  brain  has  so  much  work  to  attend 
to,  it  must  have  very  pure,  good  blood  sent 
to  it,  to  keep  it  strong.  Good  blood  is  made 


DOES    ALCOHOL    DO    ANY     HARM?  95 

from  good  food.     It  can  not  be  good  if  it  lias 
been  poisoned  with  alcohol  or  tobacco. 

We  must  also  remember  that  the  brain 
needs  a  great  deal  of  blood.  If  we  take  alco- 
hol into  our  blood,  much  of  it  goes  to  the 
brain.  There  it  affects  the  nerves,  and  makes 
a  man  lose  control  over  his  actions. 

EXERCISE. 

When  you  run,  you  can  feel  your  heart 
beating.  It  gets  an  instant  of  rest  between 
the  beats. 

Good  exercise  in  the  fresh  air  makes  the 
heart  work  well  and  warms  the  body  better 
than  a  fire  could  do. 

DOES  ALCOHOL  DO  ANY  HARM  TO  THE  HEART? 

Your  heart  is  made  of  muscle.  You  know 
what  harm  alcohol  does  to  the  muscles. 

Could  a  fatty  heart  work  as  well  as  a  mus- 
cular heart?  No  more  than  a  fatty  arm  could 
do  the  work  of  a  muscular  arm.  Besides,  alco- 
hol makes  the  heart  beat  too  fast,  and  so  it 
gets  too  tired. 


96  THE    HEART. 


\ 

REVIEW      QUESTIONS. 

1.  Where  is  the  heart  placed? 

2.  Of  what  is  it  made  ? 

3.  What  work  does  it  do  ? 

4.  What  are  arteries  and  veins? 

5.  What  does  the  pulse  tell  us? 

6.  How  does  the  food  we  eat  reach  all  parts  of  the  body? 

7.  How  does  alcohol  in  the  blood  affect  the  brain  ? 

8.  When  does  the  heart  rest? 

9.  How  does  exercise  in  the  fresh  air  help  the  heart? 
10.  What  harm  does  alcohol  do  to  the  heart? 


CHAPTER    XT. 

THE     LUNGS. 

1HE  blood  flows  all  through,  the  body,  car- 
rying  good  food  to  every  part.  It  also 
gathers  up  from  every  part  the  worn-out 
matter  that  can  no  longer  "be  used.  By  the 
time  it  is  ready  to  be  sent  back  by  the  veins, 
the  blood  is  no  longer  pure  and  red.  It  is 
dull  and  bluish  in  color,  because  it  is  full  of 
impurities. 

If  you  look  at  the  veins  in  your  wrist,  you 
will  see  that  they  look  blue. 

If  all  this  bad  blood  goes  back  to  the 
heart,  will  the  heart  have  to  pump  out  bad 
blood  next  time  ?  No,  for  the  heart  has  neigh- 
bors very  near  at  hand,  ready  to  change  the 
bad  blood  to  pure,  red  blood  again. 

THE     LUNGS. 

These  neighbors  are  the  lungs.     They  are 


98 


THE     LUNGS. 


in  the  chest  on  each  side  of  the  heart.  When 
yon  hreathe,  their  little  air-cells  swell  out,  or 
expand,  to  take  in  the  air.  Then  they  con- 


The  lungs,  heart,  and  air-passages. 

tract  again,  and  the  air  passes  out  through 
your  mouth  or  nose.  The  lungs  must  have 
plenty  of  fresh  air,  and  plenty  of  room  to 
work  in. 

If  your  clothes  are  too  tight  and  the  lungs 
do  not  have  room  to  expand,  they  can  not 
take  in  so  much  air  as  they  should.  Then 


CARE    OF    THE    LUNGS.  99 

the  "blood  can  not  be  made  pure,  and  the 
whole  body  will  suffer. 

For  every  good  breath  of  fresh  air,  the 
lungs  take  in,  they  send  out  one  of  impure 
air. 

In  this  way,  by  taking  out  what  is  bad, 
they  prepare  the  blood  to  go  back  to  the  heart 
pure  and  red,  and  to  be  pumped  out  through 
the  body  again. 

How  the  lungs  can  use  the  fresh  air  for 
doing  this  good  work,  you  can  not  yet  under- 
stand. By  and  by,  when  you  are  older,  you 
will  learn  more  about  it. 

CARE     OF     THE      LUNGS. 

Do  the  lungs  ever  rest  ? 

You  never  stop  breathing,  not  even  in  the 
night.  But  if  you  watch  your  own  breath- 
ing you  will  notice  a  little  pause  between 
the  breaths.  Each  pause  is  a  rest.  But  the 
lungs  are  very  steady  workers,  both  by  night 
and  by  day.  The  least  we  can  do  for  them, 
is  to  give  them  fresh  air  and  plenty  of  room 
to  work  in. 

You  may  say:  "We  can't  give  them  more 


100  THE    LUNGS. 

room  than,  they  have.  They  are  shut  up  in 
our  chests." 

I  have  seen  people  who  wore  such  tight 
clothes  that  their  lungs  did  not  have  room 
to  take  a  full  "breath.  If  any  part  of  the 
lungs  can  not  expand,  it  will  "become  useless. 
If  your  lungs  can  not  take  in  air  enough  to 
purify  the  "blood,  you  can  not  he  so  well 
and  strong  as  God  intended,  and  your  life 
will  be  shortened. 

If  some  one  was  sewing  for  you,  you  would 
not  think  of  shutting  her  up  in  a  little  place 
where  she  could  not  move  her  hands  freely. 
The  lungs  are  breathing  for  you,  and  need 
room  enough  to  do  their  work. 

THE     AIR. 

The  lungs  breathe  out  the  waste  matter 
that  they  have  taken  from  the  blood.  This 
waste  matter  poisons  the  air.  If  we  should 
close  all  the  doors  and  windows,  and  the  fire- 
place or  opening  into  the  chimney,  and  leave 
not  even  a  crack  by  which  the  fresh  air  could 
come  in,  we  would  die  simply  from  staying  in 
such  a  room.  The  lungs  could  not  do  their 


THE    AIR. 


work  for  the  blood,  and  the  blood  could  not 
do  its  work  for  the  body. 

Impure  air  will  poison  you.  You  should 
not  breathe  it.  If  your  head  aches,  and  you 
feel  dull  and  sleepy  from  being  in  a  close 
room,  a  run  in  the  fresh  air  will  make  you 
feel  better. 

The  good,  pure  air  makes  your  blood  pure; 
and  the  blood  then  flows  quickly  through 
your  whole  body  and  refreshes  every  part. 

We  must  be  careful  not  to  stay  in  close 
rooms  in  the  day-time,  nor  sleep  in  close 
rooms  at  night.  We  must  not  keep  out  the 
fresh  air  that  our  bodies  so  much  need. 

It  is  better  to  breathe  through  the  nose 
than  through  the  mouth..  You  can  soon 
learn  to  do  so,  if  you  try  to  keep  your  mouth 
shut  when  walking  or  running. 

If  you  keep  the  mouth  shut  and  breathe 
through  the  nose,  the  little  hairs  on  the  in- 
side of  the  nose  will  eaten  the  dust  or  other 
impurities  that  are  floating  in  the  air,  and  so 
save  their  going  to  the  lungs.  You  will  get 
out  of  breath  less  quickly  when  running  if 
you  keep  your  mouth  shut. 


102  THE    LUNGS. 

DOES    ALCOHOL    DO    ANY    HARM    TO    THE    LUNGS  ? 

The  little  air-cells  of  tlie  lungs  nave  very 
delicate  muscular  (mtis'ku  lar)  walls.  Every 
time  we  breathe,  these  walls  have  to  move. 
The  muscles  of  the  chest  must  also  move,  as 
you  can  all  notice  in  yourselves,  as  you  breathe. 

All  this  muscular  work,  as  well  as  that  of 
the  stomach  and  heart,  is  directed  by  the 
nerves. 

You  have  learned  already  what  alcohol 
•will  do  to  muscles  and  nerves,  so  you  are 
ready  to  answer  for  stomach,  for  heart,  and 
for  lungs.  Is  alcohol  a  help  to  them  ? 


REVIEW      QUESTIONS. 

1.  Besides  carrying  food  all  over  the  "body,  what  other  work  does 

the  blood  do  ? 

2.  Why  does  the  blood  in  the  veins  look  blue? 

3.  Where  is  the  blood  made  pure  and  red  again? 

4.  Where  is  it  sent,  from  the  lungs? 

5.  What  must  the  lungs  have  in  order  to  do  this  work  ? 

6.  When  do  the  lungs  rest? 

7.  Why  should  we  not  wear  tight  clothes? 

8.  How  does  the  air  in  a  room  become  spoiled? 

9.  How  can  we  keep  it  fresh  and  pure  ? 

10.  How  should  we  breathe  ? 

11.  Why  is  it  better  to  breathe  through  the  nose  than  through  the 

mouth  ? 

12.  Why  is  alcohol  not  good  for  the  lungs  ? 


CHAPTER    XVI. 

THE     SKIN. 

tHERE  is  another  part  of  your  body  car- 
rying- away  waste  matter  all  the  time- 
it  is  the  skin. 

The  "body  is  covered  with  skin.  It  is  also 
lined  with  a  more  delicate  kind  of  skin.  You 
can  see  where  the  outside  skin  and  the  lining 
skin  meet  at  your  lips. 

There  is  a  thin  outside  layer  of  skin 
which  we  can  pull  off  without  hurting 
ourselves ;  "but  I  advise  you  not  to  do  so. 
Because  under  the  outside  skin  is  the  true 
skin,  which  is  so  full  of  little  nerves  that  it 
will  feel  the  least  touch  as  pain.  When  the 
outer  skin,  which  protects  it,  is  torn  away, 
we  must  cover  the  true  skin  to  keep  it  from 
harm. 

In  hot  weather,  or  when  any  one  has  been 
working-  or  playing  hard,  the  face,  and  some- 


104 


THE    SKIN. 


times  the  whole  "body,  is  covered  with,  little 
drops  of  water.  We  call  these  drops  perspi- 
ration (per  spl  r 


Where  does  it  come 
from  ?  It  comes  through 
many  tiny  holes  in  the 
skin,  called  pores  (porz). 
Every  pore  is  the  mouth 
of  a  tiny  tube  which  is  car- 
rying off  waste  matter  and 
water  from  your  "body.  If 
you  could  piece  together 
all  these  little  perspiration 
tubes  that  are  in  the  skin 
of  one  person,  they  would 
make  a  line  more  than 
three  miles  long. 

Sometimes,  you  can  not 
see  the  perspiration,  be- 
cause there  is  not  enough 
of  it  to  form  drops.  But  it  is  always  coming 
out  through  your  skin,  both  in  winter  and 
summer.  Your  body  is  kept  healthy  by  hav- 
ing its  worn-out  matter  carried  off  in  this 
way,  as  well  as  in  other  ways. 


Perspiratory  tube. 


CARE    OF    THE    SKIN.  105 

THE     NAILS. 

The  nails  grow  from  the  skin. 

The  finger  nails  are  little  shields  to  pro- 
tect the  ends  of  your  fingers  from  getting 
hurt.  These  finger  ends  are  full  of  tiny 
nerves,  and  would  be  "badly  off  without  such 
shields.  No  one  likes  to  see  nails  that  have 
been  bitten. 

CARE     OF     THE     SKIN. 

Waste  matter  is  all  the  time  passing  out 
through  the  perspiration  tubes  in  the  skin. 
This  waste  matter  must  not  be  left  to  clog  up 
the  little  openings  of  the  tubes.  It  should  be 
washed  off  with  soap  and  water. 

When  children  have  been  playing  out-of- 
doors,  they  often  have  very  dirty  hands  and 
faces.  Any  one  can  see,  then,  that  they  need 
to  be  washed.  But  even  if  they  had  been  in 
the  cleanest  place  all  day  and  had  not 
touched  any  thing  dirty,  they  would  still 
need  the  washing;  for  the  waste  matter  that 
comes  from  the  inside  of  the  body  is  just  as 
hurtful  as  the  mud  or  dust  of  the  street.  You 


100  THE    SKIN. 

do  not  see  it  so  plainly,  because  it  conies  out 
very  little  at  a  time.  Wash  it  off  -well,  and 
your  skin  will  "be  fresli  and  healthy,  and  able 
to  do  its  work.  If  the  skin  could  not  do  its 
work,  you  would  die. 

Do  not  keep  on  your  rubber  boots  or 
shoes  all  through  school-time.  Rubber  will 
not  let  the  perspiration  pass  off,  so  the  little 
pores  get  clogged  and  your  feet  begin  to  feel 
uncomfortable,  or  your  head  may  ache.  No 
part  can  fail  to  do  its  work  without  causing 
trouble  to  the  rest  of  the  body.  But  you 
should  always  wear  rubbers  out-of-doors 
when  the  ground  is  wet.  Certainly,  they 
are  very  useful  then. 

When  you  are  out  in  the  fresh  air,  you  are 
giving  the  other  parts  of  your  body  such  a 
good  chance  to  perspire,  that  your  feet  can 
bear  a  little  shutting  up.  But  as  soon  as  you 
come  into  the  house,  take  the  rubbers  off. 

Now  that  you  know  what  the  skin  is  do- 
ing all  the  time,  you  will  understand  that 
the  clothes  worn  next  to  your  skin  are  full 
of  little  worn-out  particles,  brought  out  by 
tlie  perspiration.  When  these  clothes  are 


WORK    OF    THE    BODY.  107 

taken  off  at  night,  they  should  "be  so  spread 
out,  that  they  will  air  well  before  morn- 
ing. Never  wear  any  of  the  clothes  through 
the  night,  that  you  have  worn  during  the 
day. 

Do  not  roll  up  your  night-dress  in  the 
morning  and  put  it  under  your  pillow.  Give 
it  first  a  good  airing  at  the  window  and  then 
hang  it  where  the  air  can  reach  it  all  day. 
By  so  doing,  you  will  have  sweeter  sleep  at 
night. 

You  are  old  enough  to  throw  the  bed- 
clothes off  from  the  bed,  before  leaving  your 
rooms  in  the  morning.  In  this  way,  the  bed 
and  bed-clothes  may  have  a  good  airing.  Be 
sure  to  give  them  time  enough  for  this. 

WORK     OF     THE      BODY. 

You  have  now  learned  about  four  impor- 
tant kinds  of  work  :— 

1st.  The  stomach  prepares  the  food  for  the 
blood  to  take. 

2d.  The  blood  is  pumped  out  of  the  heart 
to  carry  food  to  every  part  of  the  body,  and 
to  take  away  worn-out  matter. 


108  THE    SKIN. 

3d.  The  lungs  use  fresh  air  in  making  the 
dark,  impure  blood,  bright  and  pure  again. 

4th.  The  skin  carries  away  waste  matter 
through  the  little  perspiration  tubes. 

All  this  work  goes  on,  day  and  night, 
without  our  needing  to  think  about  it  at  all ; 
for  messages  are  sent  to  the  muscles  by  the 
nerves  which  keep  them  faithfully  at  work, 
whether  we  know  it  or  not. 


REVIEW      QUESTIONS. 

1.  What  covers  the  body? 

2.  What  lines  the  body? 

3.  Where  are  the  nerves  of  the  skin  ? 

4.  What  is  perspiration  ?    What  is  the  common  name  for  it  ? 

5.  What  are  the  pores  of  the  skin? 

6.  How  does  the  perspiration  help  to  keep  you  well  ? 

7.  Of  what  use  are  the  nails? 

8.  How  should  they  be  kept? 

9.  What  care  should  be  taken  of  the  skin? 

10.  Why   should  you    not   wear    rubber  boots   or   overshoes   in   the 

house  ? 

11.  Why  should  you  change  under-clothing  night  and  morning? 

12.  Where  should  the  night-dress  be  placed  in  the  morning? 

13.  What  should  be  done  with  the  bed-clothes?     Why? 

14.  Name  the  four  kinds  of  work  about  which  you  have  learned. 

15.  How  are  the  organs  of  the  body  kept  at  work? 


CHAPTER    XVII. 

THE      SENSES. 

'E  have  five  ways  of  learning  about  all 
tilings  around  us.  We  can  see  them, 
touch  them,  taste  them,  smell  them,  or  hear 
them.  Sight,  touch,  taste,  smell,  and  hear- 
ing, are  called  the  five  senses. 

You  already  know  something  about  them, 
for  you  are  using  them  all  the  time. 

In  this  lesson,  you  will  learn  a  little  more 
about  seeing  and  hearing. 

THE      EYES. 

In  the  middle  of  your  eye  is  a  round, 
black  spot,  called  the  pupil.  This  pupil  is 
only  a  hole  with  a  muscle  around  it.  When 
you  are  in  the  light,  the  muscle  draws  up, 
and  makes  the  pupil  small,  because  you  can 
get  all  the  light  you  need  through  a  small 
opening.  When  you  are  in  the  dark,  the 


110 


THE    SENSES. 


The  eyelashes  and  the  tear-glands. 


muscle  stre  belies,  and  opens  the  pupil  wide  to 
let  in  more  light. 

The  pupils  of  the  cat's  eyes  are  very  large 

in  the  dark.  They 
want  all  the  light 
they  can  get,  to  see 
if  there  are  any  mice 
about. 

The  pupil  of  the 
eye  opens  into  a 
little,  round  room 
where  the  nerve  of 
sight  is.  This  is  a 
safe  place  for  this  delicate  nerve,  "which  can 
not  -bear  too  much  light.  It  carries  to  the 
"brain  an  account  of  every  thing  we  see. 

We  might  say  the  eye  is  taking  pictures 
for  us  all  day  long,  and  that  the  nerve  of 
sight  is  describing  these  pictures  to  the  brain. 

CARE      OF     THE      EYES. 

The  nerves  of  sight  need  great  care,  for 
they  are  very  delicate. 

Do  not  face  a  bright  light  when  you  are 
reading  or  studying.  While  writing,  you 


CARE     OF  .THE     EYES.  Ill 

should  sit  so  tliat  the  light  will  come  from 
the  left  side ;  then  the  .  shadow  of  your  hand 
will  not  fall  upon  your  work. 

One  or  two  true  stories  may  help  you  to 
remember  that  you  must  take  good  care  of 
your  eyes. 

The  nerve  of  sight  can  not  bear  too  bright 
a  light.  It  asks  to  have  the  pupil  made 
small,  and  even  the  eyelid  curtains  put  down, 
when  the  light  is  too  strong. 

Once,  there  was  a  boy  "who  said  boastfully 
to  his  playmates:  "Let  us  see  which  of  us 
can  look  straight  at  the  sun  for  the  longest 
time." 

Then  they  foolishly  began  to  look  at  the 
sun.  The  delicate  nerves  of  sight  felt  a  sharp 
pain,  and  begged  to  have  the  pupils  made  as 
small  as  possible  and  the  eyelid  curtains  put 
down. 

But  the  foolish  boys  said  "No."  They  were 
trying  to  see  which  would  bear  it  the  longest. 
Great  harm  was  done  to  the  brains  as  well 
as  eyes  of  both  these  boys.  The  one  who 
looked  longest  at  the  sun  died  in  conse- 
quence of  his  foolish  act. 


112  THE    SENSES. 

The  second  story  is  about  a  little  boy  who 
tried  to  turn  his  eyes  to  imitate  a  school- 
mate who  was  cross-eyed.  He  turned  them; 
but  he  could  not  turn  them  back  again. 
Although  he  is  now  a  gentleman  more  than 
fifty  years  old  and  has  had  much  painful 
work  clone  upon  his  eyes,  the  doctors  have 
never  been  able  to  set  them  quite  right. 

You  see  from  the  first  story,  that  you 
must  be  careful  not  to  give  your  eyes  too 
much  light.  But  you  must  also  be  sure  to 
give  them  light  enough. 

"When  one  tries  to  read  in  the  twilight, 
the  little  nerve  of  sight  says:  "Give  me  more 
light ;  I  am  hurt,  by  trying  to  see  in  the 
dark." 

If  you  should  kill  these  delicate  nerves,  no 
others  would  ever  grow  in  place  of  them,  and 
you  would  never  be  able  to  see  again. 

THE      EARS. 

What  you  call  your  ears  are  only  pieces  of 
gristle,  so  curved  as  to  catch  the  sounds  and 
pass  them  along  to  the  true  ears.  These  are 
deeper  in  the  head,  where  the  nerve  of  hear- 


CAKE    OF    THE    EARS.  113 

ing   is   waiting*    to    send    an    account    of    eacli 
sound  to  the  brain. 

CARE   OF  THE  EARS. 

The  ear  nerve  is  in  less  danger  than  that 
of  the  eye.  Careless  children  sometimes  put 
pins  into  their  ears  and  so  break  the  "drum." 
That  is  a  very  "bad  thing  to  do.  Use  only  a 
soft  towel  in  washing  your  ears.  You  should 
never  put  any  thing  hard  or  sharp  into  them. 

I  must  tell  you  a  short  ear  story,  about 
my  father,  when  he  was  a  small  boy. 

One  day,  when  playing  on  the  floor,  he 
laid  his  ear  to  the  crack  of  the  door,  to  feel 
the  "wind  blow  into  it.  He  was  so  young  that 
he  did  not  know  it  was  wrong;  but  the  next 
day  he  had  the  earache  severely.  Although 
he  lived  to  be  an  old  man,  he  often  had 
the  earache.  He  thought  it  began  from  the 
time  when  the  wind  blew  into  his  ear  from, 
under  that  door. 

ALCOHOL   AND   THE   SENSES. 

All  this  fine  work  of  touching,  tasting,  see- 
ing, smelling,  and  hearing,  is  nerve  work. 


114  THE    SENSES. 

The  man  who  is  in  the  habit  of  using  alco- 
holic drinks  can  not  touch,  taste,  see,  smell, 
or  hear  so  "well"  as  he  ought.  His  hands 
tremble,  his  speech  is  sometimes  thick,  and 
often  he  can  not  walk  straight.  Sometimes, 
he  thinks  he  sees  things  "when  he  does  not, 
because  his  poor  nerves  are  so  confused  by 
alcohol  that  they  can  not  do  their  work. 

Answer  now  for  your  taste,  smell,  and 
touch,  and  also  for  your  sight  and  hearing ; 
should  their  beautiful  work  be  spoiled  by 
alcohol  ? 


REVIEW      QUESTIONS. 

1.  Name  the  five  senses. 

2.  What   is  the  pupil  of  the  eye  ? 

3.  How  is  it  made  larger  or  smaller  ? 

4.  Why  does  it  change  in  size  ? 

5.  What  can  a  cat's  eyes  do? 

6.  Where  is  the  nerve  of  the  eye  ? 

7.  What  work  does  it  do  ? 

•  8.    Why  must  one  be  careful  of  his  eyes  ? 
9.    Where  should  the  light  be  for  reading  or  studying  ? 

10.  Tell  the  story  of  the  boys  who  looked  at  the  sun. 

11.  Tell  the  story  of  the  boy  who  made  himself  cross-eyed. 

12.  Why  should  you  not  read  in  the  twilight  ? 

13.  What  would  be  the  result,  if  you  should  kill  the  nerves  of  sight? 

14.  Where  are  the  true  ears? 

15.  How  may  the  nerves  of  hearing  be  injured? 

16.  Tell  the  story  of  the  boy  who  injured  his  ear. 

17.  How  is  the  work  of  the  senses  affected  by  drinking  liquor? 


CHAPTER    XVIII. 

HEAT     AND     COLD. 
WHAT      MAKES      US      WARM? 

thick,  warm  cloth.es  make  me  warm," 

,        .,     n 

says  some  child. 

No !  Your  thick,  warm  clothes  keep  you 
warm.  They  do  not  make  you  warm. 

Take  a  brisk  run,  and  your  blood  will  flow 
faster  and  you  will  "be  warm  very  quickl}^ 

On  a  cold  day,  the  teamster  claps  his 
hands  and  swings  his  arms  to  make  his  blood 
flow  quickly  and  warm  him. 

Every  child  knows  that  he  is  warm  inside; 
for  if  his  fingers  are  cold,  he  puts  them  into 
his  mouth  to  warm  them. 

If  you  should  put  a  little  thermometer 
into  your  mouth,  or  under  your  tongue,  the 
mercury  (mer'kury)  would  rise  as  high  as  it 
does  out  of  doors  on  a  hot,  summer  day. 


116  HEAT    AND     COLD. 

This  would  be  the  same  in  summer  or 
winter,  in  a  warm  country  or  a  cold  one,  if 
you  were  well  and  the  work  of  your  body  was 
going  on  steadily. 

WHERE      DOES     THIS      HEAT      COME      FROM? 

Some  of  the  work  which  is  all  the  time 
going  on  inside  your  body,  makes  this  heat. 

The  "blood  is  thus  warmed,  and  then  it 
carries  the  heat  to  every  part  of  the  body. 
The  faster  the  blood  flows,  the  more  heat  it 
brings,  and  the  warmer  we  feel. 

In  children,  the  heart  pumps  from  eighty 
to  ninety  times  a  minute. 

This  is  faster  than  it  works  in  old  people, 
and  this  is  one  reason  why  children  are  gen- 
erally much  warmer  than  old  people. 

But  -we  are  losing  heat  all  the  time. 

You  may  breathe  in  cold  air ;  but  that 
which  you  breathe  out  is  warm.  A  great  deal 
of  heat  from  your  -warm  body  is  all  the  time 
passing  off  through  your  skin,  into  the  cooler 
air  about  you.  For  this  reason,  a  room  full 
of  people  is  much  warmer  than  the  same 
room  when  empty. 


CLOTHING.  117 


CLOTH  ING. 

We  put  on  clothes  to  keep  in  the  heat 
which  we  already  have,  and  to  prevent  the 
cold  air  from  reaching-  our  skins  and  carry- 
ing- off  too  much  heat  in  that  way. 

Most  of  you  children  are  too  young  to 
choose  what  clothes  you  will  wear.  Others 
decide  for  you.  You  know,  however,  that 
woolen  uncler-garments  keep  you  warm  in 
winter,  and  that  thick  "boots  and  stockings 
should  "be  worn  in  cold  weather.  Thin  dresses 
or  hoots  may  look  pretty ;  hut  they  are  not 
safe  for  winter  wear,  even  at  a  party. 

A  healthy,  happy  child,  dressed  in  clothes 
which  are  suitable  for  the  season,  is  pleas-* 
anter  to  look  at  than  one  whose  dress,  though 
rich  and  handsome,  is  not  warm  enough  for 
health  or  comfort. 

When  you  feel  cold,  take  exercise,  if  pos- 
sible. This  will  make  the  hot  blood  flow  all 
through  your  body  and  warm  it.  If  you  can 
not,  you  should  put  on  more  clothes,  g-o  to 
a  warm  room,  in  some  way  get  warm  and 
keep  warm,  or  the  cold  will  make  you  sick. 


118  HEAT    AND    COLD. 

TAKING     COLD. 

If  your  skin  is  chilled,  the  tiny  mouths 
of  the  perspiration  tubes  are  sometimes  closed 
and  can  not  throw  out  the  waste  matter. 
Then,  if  one  part  fails  to  do  its  work,  other 
parts  must  suffer.  Perhaps  the  inside  skin 
becomes  inflamed,  or  the  throat  and  lungs, 
and  you  have  a  cold,  or  a  cough. 

ALCOHOL      AND      COLD. 

People  Lised  to  think  that  nothing  would 
warm  one  so  well  on  a  cold  day,  as  a  glass 
of  whiskey,  or  other  alcoholic  drink. 

It  is  true  that,  if  a  person  drinks  a  little 
alcohol,  he  "will  feel  a  "burning  in  the  throat, 
and  presently  a  glowing  heat  on  the  skin. 

The  alcohol  has  made  the  hot  blood  rush 
into  the  tiny  tubes  near  the  skin,  and  he 
thinks  it  has  warmed  him. 

But  if  all  this  heat  comes  to  the  skin,  the 
cold  air  has  a  chance  to  carry  away  more 
than  usual.  In  a  very  little  time,  the 
drinker  will  be  colder  than  before.  Perhaps 
he  will  not  know  it ;  for  the  cheating  alcohol 


ALCOHOL    AND    COLD.  119 

-will  have  deadened  his  nerves  so  that  they 
send  no  message  to  the  "brain.  Then  he  may 
not  have  sense  enough  to  put  on  more  cloth- 
ing and  may  freeze.  He  may  even,  if  it  is 
very  cold,  freeze  to  death. 

People,  who  have  not  been  drinking  alco- 
hol are  sometimes  frozen ;  but  they  would 
have  frozen  much  quicker  if  they  had  drunk  it. 

Horse -car  drivers  and  omnibus  drivers 
have  a  hard  time  on  a  cold  winter  day.  They 
are  often  cheated  into  thinking  that  alcohol 
will  keep  them  warm ;  but  doctors  have 
learned  that  it  is  the  water-drinkers  who 
hold  out  best  against  the  cold.  Alcohol  can 
not  really  keep  a  person  •warm. 

All  children  are  interested  in  stories  about 
Arctic  explorers,  whose  ships  get  frozen  into 
great  ice-fields,  who  travel  on  sledges  drawn 
by  dogs,  and  sometimes  live  .in  Esquimau 
huts,  and  drink  oil,  and  eat  walrus  meat. 

These  men  tell  us  that  alcohol  will  not 
keep  them  warm,  and  you  know  why. 

The  hunters  and  trappers  in  the  snowy 
regions  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  say  the  same 
thing.  Alcohol  not  only  can  not  keep  them 


120 


HEAT    AND     COLD. 


warm ;    but   it   lessens   their   power   to    resist 
cold. 


Scene  in  the  Arctic  regions. 

Many  of  you  have  heard  about  the  Greely 
party  who  were  brought  home  from  the  Arctic 
seas,  after  they  had  been  starving  and  freez- 
ing for  many  months. 


ALCOHOL    AND    COLD.  121 

Tliere  were  twenty-six  men  in  all.  Of 
these,  nineteen  died.  Seven  were  found  alive 
by  their  rescuers ;  one  of  these  died  soon 
afterward.  The  first  man  who  died,  was  the 
only  one  of  the  party  who  had  ever  "been  a 
drunkard. 

Of  the  nineteen  who  died,  all  but  one  used 
tobacco.  Of  the  six  now  living, — four  never 
used  tobacco  at  all ;  and  the  other  two,  very 
seldom. 

The  tobacco  was  no  real  help  to  them  in 
time  of  trouble.  It  had  probably  weakened 
their  stomachs,  so  that  they  could  not  make 
the  best  use  of  such  poor  food  as  they  had. 


REVIEW      QUESTIONS. 

1.  Why  do  you  wear  thick  clothes  in  cold  weather? 

2.  How  can  you  prove  that  you  are  warm  inside? 

3.  What  makes  this  heat? 

4.  What  carries  this  heat  through  your  body? 

5.  How  rapidly  does  your  heart  beat  ? 

6.  How  are  you  losing  heat  all  the  time? 

7.  How  can  you  warm  yourself  without  going  to  the  fire? 

8.  Will  alcohol  make  you  warmer,  or  colder? 

9.  How  does  it  cheat  you  into  thinking  that  you  will  be  warmer 

for  drinking  it? 

10.  What  do  the   people  who    travel   in  very  cold  countries,  tell  us 

about  the  use  of  alcohol? 

11.  How  did  tobacco   affect   the   men  who  went   to   the   Arctic   seas 

with   Lieutenant  Oreely  ? 


OHAPTEE    XIX. 

WASTED      MONEY. 
COST      OF      ALCOHOL. 

OW  tliat  you  have  learned  about  your 
"bodies,  and  what  alcohol  will  do  to 
them,  you  ought  also  to  know  that  alcohol 
costs  a  great  deal  of  money.  Money  spent  for 
that  which  will  do  no  good,  hut  only  harm, 
is  certainly  "wasted,  and  worse  than  wasted. 

If  a  "boy  or  a  girl  save  ten  cents  a  week, 
it  will  take  ten  weeks  to  save  a  dollar. 

You  can  all  think  of  many  good  and  pleas- 
ant ways  to  spend  a  dollar.  What  would  the 
beer-drinker  do  with  it  ?  If  he  takes  two 
mugs  of  beer  a  day,  the  dollar  will  be  used 
up  in  ten  days.  But  we  ought  not  to  say 
used,  because  that  word  -will  make  us  think 
it  was  spent  usefully.  We  will  say,  instead, 
the  dollar  will  be  wasted,  in  ten  days. 


COST    OF    TOBACCO.  123 

If  he  spends  it  for  wine  or  whiskey,  it  will 
go  sooner,  as  these  cost  more.  If  no  money 
was  spent  for  liquor  in  this  country,  people 
would  not  so  often  "be  sick,  or  poor,  or  "bad, 
or  wretched.  We  should  not  need  so  many 
policemen,  and  jails,  and  prisons,  as  we  have 
now.  If  no  liquor  was  drunk,  men,  women, 
and  children  would  he  better  and  happier. 

COST   OF   TOBACCO. 

Most  of  you  have  a  little  money  of  your 
own.  Perhaps  you  earned  a  part,  or  the 
"whole  of  it,  yourselves.  You  are  planning 
what  to  do  with  it,  and  that  is  a  very  pleasant 
kind  of  planning. 

Do  you  think  it  would  be  wise  to  make 
a  dollar  bill  into  a  tight  little  roll,  light  one 
end  of  it  with  a  match,  and  then  let  it 
slowly  burn  up  ?  That  would  be  wasting  it, 
you  say  !  (See  Frontispiece.) 

Yes !  it  would  be  wasted,  if  thus  burned. 
It  would  be  worse  than  wasted,  if,  while  burn- 
ing, it  should  also  hurt  the  person  who  held 
it.  If  you  should  buy  cigars  or  tobacco  with 
your  dollar,  and  smoke  them,  you  could  soon 


124  WASTED    MONEY. 

"burn  up  the  dollar  and  hurt  yourselves 
besides. 

Can  you  count  a  million  ?  Can  you  count 
a  hundred  millions  ?  Try  some  day  to  do  this 
counting.  Then,  when  you  "begin  to  have 
some  idea  how  much  six  hundred  millions  is, 
remember  that  six  hundred  million  dollars 
are  spent  in  this  country  every  year  for  to- 
bacco— burned  up — wasted — "worse  than  wasted. 

Do  yoLi  think  the  farmer  who  planted  to- 
bacco instead  of  corn,  did  any  good  to  the 
world  by  the  change  ? 


REVIEW      QUESTIONS. 

1.  How  may  one  waste  money  ? 

2.  Name  some  good  ways  for  spending  money. 

3.  How  does  the  liquor-drinker  spend  his  money? 

4.  What  could  we  do,  if  no  money  was  spent  for  liquor  ? 

5.  Tell  two  ways  in  which  you  could  burn  up  a  dollar  bill. 

6.  Which  would  be  the  safer  way  ? 

7.  How  much  money  is  spent  for  tobacco,  yearly,  in  this  country  ? 


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